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最新六級(jí)閱讀試題分析
閱讀理解(reading comprehension)是大學(xué)英語六級(jí)考試中分值最高也是考生最感頭痛的部分,其成績(jī)的高低對(duì)考生能否順利通過六級(jí)至關(guān)重要。筆者擬對(duì)最新六級(jí)考試閱讀理解試題做一下分析,有助于讀者在新一輪的考試中取得好成績(jī)。
題材生僻
相對(duì)于往年的選材,這次考試的題材較為生僻,大部分考生可能只對(duì)閱讀的第一篇“維生素對(duì)人體的作用”有一些背景知識(shí)。這就要求考生平時(shí)多接觸不同題材的文章了解各方面知識(shí),如相關(guān)科普知識(shí)、經(jīng)濟(jì)、生活和社會(huì)文化等。本次考試的passage one 是一篇關(guān)于維生素對(duì)人類健康作用的文章,從結(jié)構(gòu)上分析是典型的新老觀點(diǎn)型文章。文章一開始提出一種老觀點(diǎn),認(rèn)為服用的維生素人體難吸收,對(duì)人類健康無益。然后作者給出新看法,也就是服用適量的維生素是有益的,而整篇文章也就圍繞這一新看法展開。Passage two 探討了婦女工作對(duì)婚姻和家庭的影響。文章也是給出了兩種不同的觀點(diǎn),但是作者并沒有簡(jiǎn)單地肯定或否定某一方的觀點(diǎn),而是認(rèn)為雙方都有可取之處,這是一種復(fù)雜的態(tài)度。這在以往的六級(jí)試題中是少見的,在筆者的記憶中這種復(fù)雜態(tài)度的文章只在1999年1月份的六級(jí)試題(passage one)中出現(xiàn)過。值得注意的是,在國外的一些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化考試(如 GRE 等)這一類的文章是很常見的。這在一定程度反映了六級(jí)閱讀今后的發(fā)展趨勢(shì):與國外的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化考試接軌。Passage three 探討了人類本性(human nature)的問題,也是新老觀點(diǎn)型的文章。結(jié)構(gòu)非常簡(jiǎn)單,難點(diǎn)主要在于文章的內(nèi)容考生可能不很熟悉。Passage four 介紹了一種新的醫(yī)療技術(shù)(virtual reality)。這類介紹新技術(shù)、新發(fā)明的科普文章結(jié)構(gòu)都較簡(jiǎn)單,主要圍繞新技術(shù)和新發(fā)明作用、原理、優(yōu)點(diǎn)、意義和影響來展開。大家可以看一看 2002年1月六級(jí)考題的passage one,熟悉一下這種文章的套路?傮w來看,六級(jí)閱讀的文章集中在科技知識(shí)、經(jīng)濟(jì)生活和人文社會(huì)三個(gè)方面,可以有意識(shí)地加強(qiáng)一下這幾個(gè)方面的背景知識(shí)。一定的背景知識(shí)有助于考生理解文章的內(nèi)容。但需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是,考生答題時(shí)要嚴(yán)格根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容作答,千萬不可根據(jù)自己所掌握的背景知識(shí)想當(dāng)然地答題,這是在做閱讀題中一定要把握的一點(diǎn)。
主要題型
從題目的類型和難度來看:主要的題型仍是細(xì)節(jié)題、推斷題(包括詞義推測(cè))和主旨題。本次考試細(xì)節(jié)題主要考查了以下幾個(gè)方面。
①對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果和數(shù)據(jù)分析結(jié)論的考查,如passage one的23題,passage two 的27題。
、趯(duì)強(qiáng)對(duì)比內(nèi)容的考查,如passage two 的28、29題。
、蹖(duì)特殊標(biāo)點(diǎn)的考查,如passage four 的39題,筆者對(duì)歷年六級(jí)試題總結(jié)發(fā)現(xiàn):只要一句話中出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)破折號(hào),這句話就經(jīng)常成為考點(diǎn)。
、軐(duì)段末句的考查,如passage four的40題。細(xì)節(jié)題的解題關(guān)鍵在于定位,只要找到題干在文章中的位置,一般不會(huì)出錯(cuò)。而在六級(jí)閱讀中定位是比較容易的,因?yàn)殚喿x順序和出題順序基本上是一致的。有一點(diǎn)需要指出,就是考生要善于把握題干中的隱藏信息。比如本次考試passage three 的32 和35題,這兩道題實(shí)際上是對(duì)文中新老觀點(diǎn)的考查,但題干中并沒有出現(xiàn)標(biāo)志時(shí)間的詞,而是通過時(shí)態(tài)來隱諱表明,如果考生沒有注意到這一點(diǎn)解題就會(huì)出現(xiàn)困難,特別是第35題。推斷題的難度比以前有明顯提高,例如passageone的21題和passage four 的36題,就要求考生對(duì)文章首句的隱藏含義有深刻的理解,要能夠真正地read between lines,才會(huì)答對(duì)這兩道題。再比如passage three 的33 題,考查作者引用名人觀點(diǎn)的作用,難度也較大,它要求考生在讀文章的時(shí)候,不僅要看懂文章的意思,更能準(zhǔn)確理解作者的寫作意圖,明白作者的行文邏輯。詞義推測(cè)題本次考試考了兩道,分別是passage two的26題和passage three 的34題,解題的關(guān)鍵是根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系來推斷,難度不大。
閱讀試題
Passage Three (Method of Scientific Inquiry)
Why the inductive and mathematical sciences, after their first rapid development at the culmination of Greek civilization, advanced so slowly for two thousand years—and why in the following two hundred years a knowledge of natural and mathematical science has accumulated, which so vastly exceeds all that was previously known that these sciences may be justly regarded as the products of our own times—are questions which have interested the modern philosopher not less than the objects with which these sciences are more immediately conversant. Was it the employment of a new method of research, or in the exercise of greater virtue in the use of the old methods, that this singular modern phenomenon had its origin? Was the long period one of arrested development, and is the modern era one of normal growth? Or should we ascribe the characteristics of both periods to so-called historical accidents—to the influence of conjunctions in circumstances of which no explanation is possible, save in the omnipotence and wisdom of a guiding Providence?
The explanation which has become commonplace, that the ancients employed deduction chiefly in their scientific inquiries, while the moderns employ induction, proves to be too narrow, and fails upon close examination to point with sufficient distinctness the contrast that is evident between ancient and modern scientific doctrines and inquiries. For all knowledge is founded on observation, and proceeds from this by analysis, by synthesis and analysis, by induction and deduction, and if possible by verification, or by new appeals to observation under the guidance of deduction—by steps which are indeed correlative parts of one method; and the ancient sciences afford examples of every one of these methods, or parts of one method, which have been generalized from the examples of science.
A failure to employ or to employ adequately any one of these partial methods, an imperfection in the arts and resources of observation and experiment, carelessness in observation, neglect of relevant facts, by appeal to experiment and observation—these are the faults which cause all failures to ascertain truth, whether among the ancients or the moderns; but this statement does not explain why the modern is possessed of a greater virtue, and by what means he attained his superiority. Much less does it explain the sudden growth of science in recent times.
The attempt to discover the explanation of this phenomenon in the antithesis of “facts” and “theories” or “facts” and “ideas”—in the neglect among the ancients of the former, and their too exclusive attention to the latter—proves also to be too narrow, as well as open to the charge of vagueness. For in the first place, the antithesis is not complete. Facts and theories are not coordinate species. Theories, if true, are facts—a particular class of facts indeed, generally complex, and if a logical connection subsists between their constituents, have all the positive attributes of theories.
Nevertheless, this distinction, however inadequate it may be to explain the source of true method in science, is well founded, and connotes an important character in true method. A fact is a proposition of simple. A theory, on the other hand, if true has all the characteristics of a fact, except that its verification is possible only by indirect, remote, and difficult means. To convert theories into facts is to add simple verification, and the theory thus acquires the full characteristics of a fact.
1. The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is
[A]. Philosophy of mathematics. [B]. The Recent Growth in Science.
[C]. The Verification of Facts. [C]. Methods of Scientific Inquiry.
2. According to the author, one possible reason for the growth of science during the days of the ancient Greeks and in modern times is
[A]. the similarity between the two periods.
[B]. that it was an act of God.
[C]. that both tried to develop the inductive method.
[D]. due to the decline of the deductive method.
3. The difference between “fact” and “theory”
[A]. is that the latter needs confirmation.
[B]. rests on the simplicity of the former.
[C]. is the difference between the modern scientists and the ancient Greeks.
[D]. helps us to understand the deductive method.
4. According to the author, mathematics is
[A]. an inductive science. [B]. in need of simple verification.
[C]. a deductive science. [D]. based on fact and theory.
5. The statement “Theories are facts” may be called.
[A]. a metaphor. [B]. a paradox.
[C]. an appraisal of the inductive and deductive methods.
[D]. a pun.
Vocabulary
1. inductive 歸納法
induction n.歸納法
2. deductive 演繹法
deduction n。演繹法
3. culmination 到達(dá)頂/極點(diǎn)
4. conversant (with) 熟悉的,精通的
5. exercise 運(yùn)用,實(shí)行,執(zhí)行儀式
singular 卓越的,非凡的,獨(dú)一無二的
6. conjunction 結(jié)合,同時(shí)發(fā)生
7. omnipotence 全能,無限權(quán)/威力
8. Providence (大寫)指上帝,天令
9. commonplace 平凡的,陳腐的
10. inquiry 調(diào)查,探究(真理,知識(shí)等)
11. doctrine 教義,學(xué)說,講義
12. correlative 相互關(guān)聯(lián)的
13. antithesis 對(duì)立面,對(duì)偶(修辭學(xué)中),對(duì)句
14. coordinate 同等的,并列的
15. subsist 生存,維持生活
16. attribute 特征,屬性
17. connote 意味著,含蓄(指詞內(nèi)涵)
難句譯注
1. Why the inductive and mathematical sciences, after their first rapid development at the culmination of Greek civilization, advanced so slowly for two thousand years are questions which have interested the modern philosopher not less than the objects with which these sciences are more immediately conversant.
[結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)析] 破折號(hào)后面的內(nèi)容(見難句譯注2)先撇開。這樣便于理解,整個(gè)句子是主謂表結(jié)構(gòu),前面一個(gè)問題句作主語,question后跟一個(gè)定語從句,和not less than連接的表語。
[參考譯文] 為什么歸納發(fā)和數(shù)學(xué)科學(xué),在希臘文明達(dá)到頂點(diǎn)時(shí)首先快速發(fā)展后,兩千年內(nèi)進(jìn)展緩慢,現(xiàn)在哲學(xué)家對(duì)這個(gè)問題的興趣不亞于對(duì)這些科學(xué)很熟悉研究的對(duì)象。
2. …—and why in the following two hundred years a knowledge of natural and mathematical science has accumulated, which so vastly exceeds all that was previously known that these sciences may be justly regarded as the products of our own times—…
[參考譯文] 問什么在后來的二百年中自然科學(xué)數(shù)理科學(xué)積累起來,它們廣泛的超越了過去已知的一切,所以就把這些科學(xué)視為我們時(shí)代的產(chǎn)品。
3. arrested development 停滯發(fā)展(被制止了的發(fā)展)。
4. Or should we ascribe the characteristics of both periods to so-called historical accidents—to the influence of conjunctions in circumstances of which no explanation is possible, save in the omnipotence and wisdom of a guiding Providence?
[參考譯文] 或者我們是否應(yīng)當(dāng)把兩個(gè)階段的特點(diǎn)歸因于所謂的歷史的偶然性(意外事件)——?dú)w因于客觀環(huán)境中相似(結(jié)合)的影響。這一點(diǎn)除非以指導(dǎo)一切的上帝的智慧和無限權(quán)利來解釋,否則難以解說清楚。
寫作方法與文章大意
這是篇議論文,論及科學(xué)探索的方法,總體是因果寫法,具體分析又是對(duì)比寫法。作者采用問答方式探究為什么希臘文明頂峰之后兩千年,科技發(fā)展緩慢,而最近兩百年又迅速發(fā)展超越前人,其原因在哪里?是采用新,舊方法所致,歷史之偶然性,還是上天安排。
然后以現(xiàn)代用歸納法,古代用演繹法太狹隘說明科學(xué)總是在觀察,實(shí)驗(yàn),檢驗(yàn),證實(shí)中前進(jìn)。但事實(shí)難以解釋慢和快的現(xiàn)象。最后以“對(duì)立”——事實(shí)和理論對(duì)立古代重視事實(shí)來解釋。然這兩者是對(duì)立的統(tǒng)一。真正的理論就是事實(shí)。事實(shí),構(gòu)成之間具邏輯聯(lián)系,就具有理論的一切正面特性。這種區(qū)分雖不足以解釋科學(xué)研究中真正方法,但奠定了良好的基礎(chǔ),含有真正方法中的重要特性。
答案祥解
1. D. 科學(xué)研究/探索的方法。文章一開始就提出問題,為什么從希臘文化頂峰時(shí)期后兩千年來歸納法和數(shù)學(xué)科學(xué)發(fā)展如此緩慢,而后的兩百年又超越了前人,是應(yīng)用新,舊方法關(guān)系還是其它(見難句譯注1,2)。第二段講埃及古代在科學(xué)探索中運(yùn)用了演繹推理法,而現(xiàn)在應(yīng)用了歸納法。這種解釋太狹隘,經(jīng)仔細(xì)審核,難以很清晰地點(diǎn)明古代和現(xiàn)代科學(xué)教義和探究上明顯的差別。因?yàn)橐磺兄R(shí)都基于觀察,通過分析,綜合,或綜合分析,歸納演繹推理,有可能的話,經(jīng)過校正或經(jīng)由演繹指導(dǎo)下再觀察而向前推進(jìn)。第三段進(jìn)一步闡明不用這些方法觀察,實(shí)驗(yàn);忽略相關(guān)事實(shí),推理不慎;不能答出理論的結(jié)論,再用實(shí)驗(yàn)或觀察來檢驗(yàn)等或用得不全,不論在古代還是現(xiàn)代都會(huì)失敗。但這不能說明為什么現(xiàn)代科學(xué)具有較高的功效,通過什么方式方法,超越了前人,更不用說說明最近科學(xué)突飛猛進(jìn)的原因。第四,五段涉及事實(shí)和理論的關(guān)系。
A. 數(shù)學(xué)的哲學(xué),文內(nèi)沒有提。 B.近來科學(xué)的發(fā)展。 C.事實(shí)的驗(yàn)證,只是最后兩段提及驗(yàn)證方法之作用。
2. B. 是上天的安排,這是作家在用方法論等失敗后得出的結(jié)論。見難句譯注4,第一段最后一句話。
A. 兩個(gè)階段的相似性。 . 兩者都試圖應(yīng)用歸納法。 D. 由于演繹法的衰落。
3. A. 后者需要證實(shí)。答案在第四,五段,死段試圖在事實(shí)的對(duì)立面和理論,或事實(shí)和思想中發(fā)現(xiàn)上述現(xiàn)象的解釋看起來有餓太狹隘,也會(huì)因模糊不清遭批評(píng)。因?yàn),?duì)立面不全面,事實(shí)和理論不是同類的事物。理論,如果是真正的理論,就是事實(shí)——一種特殊類別的事實(shí),一般復(fù)雜,但仍是事實(shí)。而事實(shí),從詞的狹義來說,如果很復(fù)雜,如果各成分中存在著邏輯的聯(lián)系,就具有理論的一切主要特征。第五段第二句,事實(shí)是一個(gè)提議,通過運(yùn)用知識(shí)的源泉和經(jīng)驗(yàn)而證實(shí)的提議直接而又簡(jiǎn)單。而理論,若是真理論,就有事實(shí)的一切特性(除非其證實(shí)只能通過非直接的,遙遠(yuǎn)的和困難的方式方法),把理論轉(zhuǎn)成事實(shí)必須用簡(jiǎn)單的核實(shí),理論因此具有事實(shí)的一切特性。
B. 前者簡(jiǎn)單。 C. 是現(xiàn)代科學(xué)家和古希臘的差異。 D. 幫助我們了解演繹法,三項(xiàng)都不對(duì)。
4. C. 是推理演繹科學(xué),這個(gè)問題常識(shí)就能回答。
A. 歸納法科學(xué)。 B. 需要簡(jiǎn)單證實(shí)。 D. 基于事實(shí)和理論。
5. B. 是一個(gè)悖論,見第四,五段注釋。
A. 比喻。 C. 對(duì)歸納法和演繹法的贊揚(yáng)。 D. 雙關(guān)語。
3. A.根據(jù)went bankrupt soon after(不久破產(chǎn)了)就能確定正確答案。
4. D.根據(jù)He built up over 80 companies in 20 different countries(他在20個(gè)國家建了80多個(gè)公司)就能確定答案。
5. B.根據(jù)He was always searching for a meaning to life(他總是在搜索生活的`意義)就能確定答案。
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