「通過閱讀學詞匯--六級」

「通過閱讀學詞匯--六級」

作者：ahbing

歡迎大家一起和我來“通過閱讀學六級詞匯”，現(xiàn)在已35篇了，

每篇中紅色或藍色的詞匯是重點記憶詞匯，后面有這些詞匯解釋的貼子，

希望大家一起努力，攻克今年6月的六級考試。

有什么疑問可以發(fā)貼或短信息給我，我一定盡我所能為大家解答。

打包文件下載，請去第196樓

Unit one

Elementary Schools in early America

What accounts for the great outburst of major

inventions in early america -- breakthroughs such as the

telegraph,the steamboat and the weaving machine?

Among the many shaping factors, I would single

out the country's excellent elementary schools; a labor

force that welcomed the new technology; the practice

of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the

American genius for nonverbal, "spatial" thinking

about things technological.

Why mention the elementary schools? Because

thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially

in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were

generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some

aspects of geometry and trigonometry.

Acute foreign observers related American

adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational

advantage. As a member of a British commission

visiting here in 1853 reported,"With a mind prepared

by thorough school discipline, the American boy

develops rapidly into the skilled workman."

A further stimulus to invention came from the

"premium" system, which preceded our patent system

and for years ran parallel with it. This approach,

originated abroad, offered inventors medals, cash

prizes and other incentives.

In the United States, multitudes of premiums for

new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the

industrial fairs in major cities. Americans flocked to

these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to

renew their faith in the beneficence of technological

advance.

Given this optimistic approach to technological

innovation, the american worker took readily to that

special kind of nonverbal thinking required in

mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has

pointed out, "A technologist thinks about objects that

cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal

deions; they are dealt with in his mind by a visual,

nonverbal process. The designer and the inventor are

able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices

that as yet do not exist."

This nonverbal "spatial" thinking can be just as

creative as painting and writing. robert fulton once

wrote, "The mechanic should sit down among levers,

screws, wedges, wheels, etc. , like a poet among the

letters of the alphabet, considering them as an

exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement

transmits a new idea."

When all these shaping forces -- schools, open

attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial

thinking -- interacted with one another on the rich U.S.

mainland, they produced that american characteristic,

emulation. Today that word implies mere imitation. Bu

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