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考研綜合演練與答案詳解（5）
Passage 5
1) __________________________________________________. It is employed for the purpose of attack (aggressive resemblance or anticryptic coloring ) as well as of defense (protective resemblance or procryptic coloring ). The fact that the same method concealment, may be used both for attack and defense has been well explained by T. Belt who suggests as an illustration the rapidity of movement which is also made use of by both pursuer and pursued, which is similarly raised to a maximum in both by the gradual dying out of the slowest through a series of generations.
2) __________________________________________________. On the other hand, small animals which have no means of active defense, such as large, numbers of insects, frequently depend upon concealment alone. Protective resemblance is far commoner among animals than aggressive resemblance, in correspondence with the fact that predaceous forms are as a rule much larger and much less numerous than their prey. In the case of insectivorous Vertebrata and their prey such differences exist in an exaggerated form.
3) __________________________________________________. In general resemblance the animal, in consequence of its coloring, produces the same effect as its environment, but the conditions do not require any special adaptation of shape and outline. General resemblance is especially common among the animal inhabiting some uniformly colored expanse of the earth' s surface, such as an ocean or a desert. In the former, animals of all shapes are frequently protected by their transparent blue color, on the latter, equally diverse forms are defended by their sandy appearance. The effect of a uniform appearance may be produced by a combination of tints in startling contrast. Thus the black and white stripes of the zebra blend together at a little distance, and “their proportion is such as exactly to match the pale tint which arid ground possesses when seen by moonlight.”
4) __________________________________________________.
Complete stillness and the assumption of a certain attitude play an essential part in general resemblance on land.
5) __________________________________________________. In special resemblance the combination of coloring, shape, and attitude is such as to produce a more or less exact resemblance to some one of the objects in the environment, such as a leaf of twig, a patch of lichen, a flake of bark. In all cases the resemblance is to some object which is of no interest to the enemy or prey respectively. The animal is not hidden from view by becoming indistinguishable from its background as in the case of general resemblance, but it is mistaken for some well - know object.
[A] Special resemblance is far commoner than general and is the form which is usually met with on the diversified surface of the earth, on the shores, and in shallow water, as well as on the floating masses of algae on the surface of the ocean, such as the Sargasso Sea. In these environments the cryptic coloring of animals is usually aided by special modifications of shape, and by the instinct which leads them to assume particular attitudes.
[B] Cryptic coloring is by far the commonest use of color in the struggle for existence.
[C] Cryptic coloring, whether used for defense of attack, may be either general or special.
[D] Thus the arrangement of colors of many kinds into an appropriate pattern requires the cooperation of a suitable shape and the rigidly exact adoption of a certain elaborate attitude. The latter is instinctive and thus depends on the central nervous system.
[E] The cryptic effect is due to the exact cooperation of all these factors; and in the pre- sent state of science, the only possible hole of an interpretation lies in the theory of natural se- lection, which can accumulate any and every variation which tends toward survival.
[F] Cryptic coloring is commonly associated with other aids in the struggle for life. Thus wellconcealed mammals and birds, when discovered, will generally endeavor to escape by speed and will often attempt to defend themselves actively.
[G] However, in special resemblance the attitude is often highly specialized, and perhaps more important than any other element in the complex method by which concealment is effected.
【文章大意及結(jié)構(gòu)分析】
這是一篇介紹動物生存過程中運用“保護色”的文章。動物保護色的作用有兩點：攻擊和防衛(wèi)。文章大部分篇幅都在講述動物是如何在各種環(huán)境中利用保護色來生存的。首先保護色與尋求其他的幫助密切相關(guān)，以哺乳動物、鳥和無法積極防衛(wèi)的小動物來舉例說明；然后向讀者介紹在不同的環(huán)境中用于防衛(wèi)或進攻的隱蔽色可能具有普遍性或特殊性，尤以海洋和沙漠中的動物表現(xiàn)最為明顯，但特殊類同色遠比普通類同色常見；最后說動物為了保護自己不僅借助保護色，有的還借助于形狀方面的特殊改變，假裝出某種姿勢的本能來完成的，因為與某種東西類同能使敵人或獵物各自失去對對方的興趣。
文章結(jié)構(gòu)清晰，第一段總述保護色在動物生存過程中的兩個作用；第二段到第四段從不同方面介紹保護色的特點及動物是如何利用保護色來保護自己的；最后一段介紹了另一種動物生存的本能，即借助與形狀方面的特殊改變，假裝出某種姿勢。
【解題思路與答案詳解】
1) 【答案】[B]。本題在第一段的段首。根據(jù)英語文章的特點，主旨句一般應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)在第一段中，而縱觀全段卻沒有具有總括全文的句子，那么我們可以初步判斷1) 題應(yīng)該是一個主旨句，而選項中只有[B]最符合要求。
2） 【答案】[F]。本題位于第二段的段首。做本題的關(guān)鍵在于根據(jù)空白后文字中出現(xiàn)的轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，“另一方面，無法積極防衛(wèi)的小動物，比如成群的昆蟲時常依賴獨自隱蔽。”由此可見，前文內(nèi)容應(yīng)該涉及到“積極防衛(wèi)”，只有答案[F]符合要求，在生活斗爭中，保護色普遍與尋求其他的幫助密切相關(guān)。因此一旦被發(fā)現(xiàn)，隱藏完好的哺乳動物和鳥一般會快速逃脫并積極主動地保護自己。
3) 【答案】[C]。本題在第三段的段首，該句應(yīng)該是本段的主題句。根據(jù)本段的主要內(nèi)容防衛(wèi)的“普遍性”可得出正確答案是[C]，用于防衛(wèi)或進攻的隱蔽色可能具有普遍性或特殊性。
4) 【答案】[A]。本題在第四段，該段實際上是第三段內(nèi)容的延續(xù)，第三段只講到了“普遍性”，而第四段則正好從防衛(wèi)的“特殊性”方面將其內(nèi)容補充完整了。
5) 【答案】[C]。本題位于最后一段的中部。做本題的關(guān)鍵在于體會其前后文字的邏輯關(guān)系。前文還在講“完全靜止和假裝某種姿勢在普遍性類同方面作用重大”，后文卻談到了“在特殊性類同方面，顏色、形狀和姿勢的結(jié)合可產(chǎn)生與環(huán)境中某種物體近乎相同效果，”由此可見只有答案[C]以轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系成功地連接了上下文，在特殊性類同方面，顏色、形狀和姿勢的結(jié)合可產(chǎn)生與環(huán)境中某種物體近乎相同效果。
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