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清明節(jié)傳統(tǒng)風俗英語介紹
每年的公歷四月五日前后為清明節(jié)，是二十四節(jié)氣之一。今年的清明節(jié)是4月5日。在二十四個節(jié)氣中，既是節(jié)氣又是節(jié)日的只有清明。清明節(jié)是我國傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日，也是最重要的祭祀節(jié)日。以下是小編給大家?guī)淼那迕鞴?jié)傳統(tǒng)風俗英語介紹，希望大家喜歡。
celebrated two weeks after the vernal equinox(24節(jié)氣之一的春分), tomb sweeping day is one of the few traditional chinese holidays that follows the lunar calendar（lunar calendar，意為農(nóng)歷、陰歷）--typically falling on april 4, 5, or 6. its chinese name "qing ming" literally means "clear brightness," hinting at its importance as a celebration of spring. similar to the spring festivals of other cultures, tomb sweeping day celebrates the rebirth of nature, while marking the beginning of the planting season and other outdoor activities.
Celebrating the Qingming Festival of Spring
with the passing of time, this celebration of life became a day to the honor past ancestors. following folk religion(folk religion，民間習俗、信仰), the chinese believed that the spirits of deceased ancestors looked after the family. sacrifices of food and spirit money could keep them happy, and the family would prosper through good harvests and more children.
today, chinese visit their family graves to tend to any underbrush that has grown. weeds are pulled, and dirt swept away, and the family will set out offerings of food and spirit money unlike the sacrifices at a familys home altar, the offerings at the tomb usually consist of dry, bland food. one theory is that since any number of ghosts rome around a grave area, the less appealing food will be consumed by the ancestors, and not be plundered by strangers.
Customs of Qingming Festival
Tomb sweeping and ancestor worship
In Chinese history, it has long been a custom to ban fire and offer sacrifices to ancestors during cold food. After the Tang Dynasty, the Cold Food Festival gradually declined, and tomb sweeping and ancestor worship during the Qingming Festival became a continuous tradition. The great Tang Dynasty poet Bai Juyi wrote in his poem "Looking at the Cold Food in the Wild": "The crow crows and the magpies make noise, fainting the trees. During the Qingming cold food, who cries? The wind blows through the wilderness, paper money flies, and ancient tombs are lush with spring grass and green. The pear blossoms reflect the white poplar trees, full of places where life and death are separated. The deep desert and heavy springs cry, and the rustling rain returns." Song Dynasty poet Gao Juqing also wrote in a poem: "There are many tomb fields on the north and south mountains, and during the Qingming Festival, they sweep through various places. Paper dust flies into white butterflies, and tears and blood dye red azaleas. At sunset, a drop of fox sleeps on the tomb, a drop of red azaleas." How did you ever go to Jiuquan! "In todays society, people still have the custom of going to the grave to sweep and worship their ancestors before and after Qingming Festival: uprooting weeds, placing offerings, offering incense and blessings in front of the grave, burning paper money and gold ingots, or simply offering a bouquet of flowers to express their remembrance of their ancestors.
Spring outing
During the Qingming Festival, it was time for spring to return to the earth. People took advantage of their own interests, and while sweeping graves, they also had a family of all ages playing in the mountains and countryside. When they returned home, they casually folded a few willow branches that had just bloomed and put them on their heads, creating a harmonious and joyful atmosphere. Some people also intentionally go to nature during the Qingming Festival to appreciate and appreciate the vibrant spring scenery. They go hiking in the suburbs to express their feelings of melancholy since the harsh winter. This kind of outing is also called spring outing, which in ancient times was called exploring or seeking spring. Its meaning is to step on the green grass, play in the countryside, and admire the spring scenery.
Before and after the Qingming Festival, it is a good time for hiking, so it has become an important part of the Qingming Festival customs. In ancient times, women were not allowed to travel freely on weekdays. Tomb sweeping during the Qingming Festival was a rare opportunity for outings, so women had more fun than men on Qingming Festival. There is a saying in the folk that "womens Qingming Festival is the year of men.".
Inserting willows
Qingming Festival is the time when willows sprout and turn green. There are folk customs of folding, wearing, and ing willows. When people go hiking, they easily fold off a few willow branches, which can be played with in their hands, woven into hats to wear on their heads, or taken home to be ed on the lintel or eaves. The proverb goes, "If you dont wear willows during the Qingming Festival, your red face will turn into a bright head." "If you dont wear willows during the Qingming Festival, you will turn into a yellow dog after death." This indicates that folding willows during the Qingming Festival was a common custom in ancient times. It is said that willow branches have the function of warding off evil, so ing and wearing willows is not only a fashionable decoration, but also has the effect of praying for blessings and warding off evil. Inserting willows during the Qingming Festival may also be related to the custom of using willow branches to beg for new fire during the Cold Food Festival in the past. Today, it seems that randomly picking willow branches is a form of damage to trees and should not be advocated.
The custom of planting willows and trees during the Qingming Festival is said to commemorate the Shennong family, who invented various agricultural production tools and once tasted a hundred herbs; Another theory is that the willow tree that Jie Zitui held when he died was later resurrected. Duke Wen of Jin named it Qingming Willow and folded it into a circle to wear on his head. This custom was later passed down to the people. Although there are different origins of allusions, these customs are still inseparable from peoples joy in the return of spring to the earth.
Qingming Amusement
In addition to the customs of tomb sweeping, ancestor worship, and spring outings and willow planting mentioned above, the Qingming Festival also has a large number of purely recreational customs that have been loved by people for thousands of years, such as hooking, flying kites, and swinging on swings that have continued to this day. There are also the once popular willow shooting and cuju (pronounced: promoting valley) that are no longer seen today.
Traction hook
"The tug of war" is an ancient name, but it is actually a modern tug of war movement. It is said that during the Spring and Autumn period, the State of Chu used the sport of pulling hooks to enhance the physical fitness of the people in order to attack the State of Wu. It is mainly composed of a hemp rope with many small ropes at both ends. During the competition, a large flag is used as the boundary, and with a command, both sides pull the rope hard. The drums and music sing together, and both sides cheer and shout, creating a lively atmosphere.
Flying kites
Flying kites is one of the favorite activities of people during the Qingming Festival. The ancients believed that if someone fell ill, they could write or draw their condition on a tied kite, tie it with a string and fly it in the air. When it reached high altitude, the string would be cut off, and the disaster of illness would fly away with the kite. Later on, kites gradually developed into a popular outdoor entertainment activity.
According to the "Annals of Emperor Jing Sui Shi Sheng" written by Emperor Pan Rong of the Qing Dynasty, "During the Qingming Festival, men and women swept out of the four suburbs, holding boxes and wheel rims facing each other. They each carried paper kites and spools, and after the ritual was completed, they were released in front of the tomb." The ancients also believed that the Qingming Festival wind was very suitable for flying kites. In the Qingjialu, it is said that "the wind of spring rises from bottom to top, and paper kites rise from it, hence the proverb Flying a broken kite during the Qingming Festival. In the eyes of the ancients, flying kites was not only a recreational activity, but also a witchcraft act: they believed that flying kites could release their own filth.". So many people fly kites during the Qingming Festival and write down all the disasters they know on the paper kites. When the kite flies high, they cut off the kite string and let the paper kites fly away with the wind, symbolizing that their illness and filth have been taken away by the kite.
Swinging on a swing
The swing was originally called "Qianqiu". It is said that it was introduced by Duke Huan of Qi from the northern ethnic group Shanrong during the Spring and Autumn period. After the Han Dynasty, it became a folk game during the Qingming Festival and other festivals such as the Dragon Boat Festival and the Cold Food Festival. The swing was originally made by using a rope and swinging it with your hand, but later developed into hanging two ropes on a wooden frame and tying a horizontal board below.
The play of the swing was already popular during the Northern and Southern Dynasties. The "Jingchu Suishi Ji" records: "In spring, a long rope was hung on a tall tree, and scholars and women dressed in colorful clothes sat on it and pushed it, called playing the swing." In the Tang Dynasty, swinging on the swing was already a common game and an important part of the Qingming Festival custom. Due to the widespread use of swings during the Qingming Festival, during the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties, the Qingming Festival was designated as the Swing Festival. The imperial palace also installed swings for the empresses, concubines, and palace maids to play on.
Todays parks and playgrounds still have swings for children to play on.
Sheliu
Shooting willows is a game where players practice archery skills. According to records from the Ming Dynasty, pigeons were placed in gourds, then hung high on willow trees, bent bows and shot at the gourds, and the pigeons flew out. The winner was determined by the height of the flying pigeons.
Cuju
In addition to ancestor worship and tomb sweeping, the Qingming Festival also includes various outdoor activities such as outings, outings, and swinging. In addition to mourning and reminiscing, it also incorporates a joyful atmosphere of enjoying spring. Among these activities, "Cuju" is a very interesting activity. Cuju, also known as Cuju, is the predecessor of football today. The skin of the ball is made of leather and the inside is stuffed with fur. According to legend, Cuju existed before the Shang Dynasty and was popular among the people during the Warring States period. By the Han Dynasty, it had become used in the military to practice martial arts and was listed in military records.
"Cuju" refers to kicking a ball with ones feet, originating from the ancient capital of Qi, Linzi, during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. It was most prosperous during the Tang and Song Dynasties, and often featured scenes such as "the ball never falls all day" and "the ball never leaves its feet, the feet never leave the ball, the Huating viewing, and the admiration of thousands of people." The "Song Taizu Cuju Painting" depicts the scene at that time. In Du Fus poem "Qingming", it is written that "after ten years, the embryonic stage of Cuju will be far away, and the custom of swinging thousands of miles is the same", which also indicates the popularity of Cuju activities at that time. In the traditional cultural context of emphasizing the doctrine of the mean, cuju has gradually evolved from a competitive competition to a performative competition. In the Qing Dynasty, there were very few records of cuju activities in historical records.
In recent years, there has been a resurgence of cuju fever in Zibo, Shandong, the birthplace of cuju. Many citizens have participated in it, exercising their bodies and inheriting more than two thousand years of folk customs.
Cock fighting
During the ancient Qingming Festival, cockfighting games were popular, starting from the Qingming Festival and continuing until the summer solstice. The earliest record of cockfighting in our country can be found in the Zuo Zhuan. In the Tang Dynasty, cockfighting became popular, not only among the people but also among the emperor. Emperor Xuanzong of Tang was most fond of cockfighting.
Silkworm Flower Festival
The Silkworm Blossom Fair "Silkworm Blossom Fair" is a unique folk culture in Silkworm Village. During the Qingming Festival in the past, there were such folk activities in wutong, Wuzhen, Chongfu, Zhouquan and other places. Among them, the silkworm flower festival at the Maming Temple in Zhouquan and the Shuangmiao Temple in Qingshi are the most spectacular and grand. The Maming Temple is located in the west of Zhouquan Town and is known as the "King of Temples" in the local area. Every year, there is a sea of people and frequent activities at the Silkworm Flower Festival, including welcoming the Silkworm God, shaking the fast boat, disturbing the Terrace Pavilion, worshipping incense stools, boxing, dragon lanterns, raising high poles, singing opera and other more than ten activities. Some of these activities are conducted on shore, while the vast majority are carried out on boats, which is highly characteristic of water towns. In recent years, the Silkworm Flower Festival in Wuzhen Xiangshi has only had a few projects, such as welcoming the Silkworm God, stepping on a white boat, and raising a high pole, which have great potential to be tapped.
Tug of war
In the early days, it was called "tug of war" or "strong hook", and in the Tang Dynasty it was called "tug of war". It was invented in the late Spring and Autumn period, became popular in the military, and later spread among the people. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang, a large-scale tug of war competition was held during the Qingming Festival. Since then, tug of war has become a part of the Qingming customs.
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