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考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法精要 分詞
四、分詞
分詞起形容詞和副詞的作用，在句中做定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)。在概念上考生應(yīng)清楚：
● 現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)，表示動(dòng)作在進(jìn)行。
● 過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)，表示動(dòng)作結(jié)束了的狀態(tài)或結(jié)果。
1.分詞做定語(yǔ)，弄清現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞的區(qū)別
分詞短語(yǔ)做定語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于省略了的定語(yǔ)從句，考生應(yīng)掌握：
(1)現(xiàn)在分詞與被修飾詞之間具有主動(dòng)意義。如：
It’s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes taking place in our ever-increasing world.(相當(dāng)于the changes which take place...)
There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently giving what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic.(相當(dāng)于which gave...)
How many of us attending, say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?(相當(dāng)于How many of us who will attend...)
(2)過(guò)去分詞與被修飾詞之間具有被動(dòng)意義。如：
Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British recapture of the port announced half a day before the defenders actually surrendered.
(相當(dāng)于…recapture of the port which had been announced…)
Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone added to the system, so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out.
(相當(dāng)于…each new phone which is added to…)
The author gave a detailed deion based on his personal observation of nature.
(相當(dāng)于…deion which was based on…)
(3)下列不及物動(dòng)詞也以過(guò)去分詞形式做定語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)，但不具有被動(dòng)意義：
deceased, departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, grown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-travelled, newly arrived, recently come。如：
an escaped prisoner一個(gè)逃犯
a retired worker一位退休工人
a faded curtain一個(gè)褪了色的窗簾
a newly arrived student一個(gè)新來(lái)的學(xué)生
2.分詞做狀語(yǔ)，注意區(qū)分分詞的一般式與完成式
(1)表示時(shí)間，多置于句首，注意如果分詞表示的動(dòng)作的時(shí)間先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，要用完成式。如：
Having completed one task, we started on another one.
(complete先于start之前發(fā)生)
(2)表示原因，置于句首句尾均可，根據(jù)情況有時(shí)要用完成式，有時(shí)用一般式。如：
He wasn’t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, being considered insufficiently popular with all members.
There seemed little hope that the explorer, having been deserted in the tropical forest, would find his way through it.
(3)表示伴隨、方式，置于句尾，用分詞的一般式。如：
Helen borrowed my dictionary the other day saying that she would return it soon.
Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely lost to the outside world.
(4)表示結(jié)果，置于句尾，用分詞的一般式。如：
The city found itself in a crisis situation last summer when the air conditioning on dozens of the new buses broke down, them unusable.
(5)表示補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明(同位)，置于句尾，用分詞的一般式。如：
The article opens and closes with deions of two news reports, each making one major point in contrast with the other.
Ford tried dividing the labor, each worker assigned a separate task.
3.分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)一般為句子的主語(yǔ)，否則分詞短語(yǔ)要有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)，稱為分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)只是句子的一個(gè)部分，但在翻譯時(shí)經(jīng)常譯成獨(dú)立的句子，考生要注意英漢兩種語(yǔ)言在結(jié)構(gòu)上的區(qū)別。如：
All flights having been canceled because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train.
Darkness setting in, the young couple lingered on merrymaking.
4.分詞做表語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，尤應(yīng)注意由使役動(dòng)詞變來(lái)的分詞的形式
(1)現(xiàn)在分詞表示主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)的特征，多以事物做(邏輯)主語(yǔ)。如：
His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected.
(2)過(guò)去分詞表示主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài)或?qū)δ呈碌男睦矸磻?yīng)和感受，多以人做(邏輯)主語(yǔ)。如：
These students are quick at learning. We’ll have them trained in new methods.
People cannot but feel puzzled. For they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.
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