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教你巧猜考研英語真題中的生詞難句
通過我們對(duì)歷年考研英語真題的數(shù)據(jù)分析，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)考研英語閱讀理解中常會(huì)出現(xiàn)考察詞義、句義的題型，下面為大家剖析下答題技巧。
命制的試題中經(jīng)常有要求考生對(duì)詞語和句子做出解釋的題目。兩者都主要側(cè)重于考查考生通過上下文去判斷詞義、句意的能力。詞義題的考查有兩種：一是超綱詞含義的推斷，另一個(gè)是熟詞僻義或是在特定場合的意思。
1?詞義句意題命題模式
(1)The phrase (word, sentence) "..." (in line...) most probably means .
(2)By "...", the wrier (probably ) means .
(3)What does the author probably mean by "..." in... paragraph?
(4)The phrase (word, sentence) suggests .
(5)From the passage,we can infer that the word "..."is .
(6)According to passage, what is "..." ?
(7)When the author says that..., he means .
2?詞義題的解題技巧
(1)根據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行推理猜測
考生必須明確，不管所考的詞語有多超綱，都能夠通過上下文得出其意思;不管這個(gè)詞有多熟悉，都必須通過上下文得出其在特定場合的意思。在克服畏懼心理的同時(shí)，也要避免直接用自己熟悉的意義去解釋詞義。對(duì)句子的理解也要通過前后關(guān)聯(lián)的句子進(jìn)行推測。比如利用前后的比較對(duì)照關(guān)系、利用文中給出的定義或?qū)λM(jìn)行的重述、利用所舉的例子進(jìn)行歸納、利用同義/近義/反義詞、利用特殊標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)等等。
Example
We live in a society in which the medical and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.(1997年 Passage 3)
The word "pervasive" (Line 1, Paragraph 2) might mean .
[A] widespread [B] overwhelming [C] piercing [D] fashionable
所要解釋的詞pervasive后有冒號(hào)，起解釋說明的作用。因此通過冒號(hào)后的內(nèi)容就可以知道該詞的含義。作者在冒號(hào)后面列舉了物質(zhì)在日常生活的各個(gè)方面的使用，因此可推知[A]選項(xiàng)"分布廣泛的，普遍的"為正確答案。
(2)對(duì)超綱詞含義的推斷
生詞是造成閱讀困難的障礙之一。閱讀短文中的詞匯一般不超過大綱的詞語范圍，但也有5%左右的派生詞和合成詞，2%～3%的超綱詞。對(duì)于部分超綱而且專業(yè)性較強(qiáng)的詞，在較早的幾年里命題者還曾給出過其漢語意思，如：1991年P(guān)assage 1中的chlorophyll(葉綠素)、carbohydrates(碳水化合物);1992年P(guān)assage 2中的inertia(慣性)，Passage 3中的hockey(曲棍球);1993年P(guān)assage 1中的babbling(咿呀學(xué)語)，Passage 2中的bureaucratic(官僚主義的)，Passage 3中的monopoly(壟斷);1994年P(guān)assage 4中的pancreas(胰腺)、genes(基因)，Passage 5中的mold(霉)。但是后來的命題趨勢中取消了這種形式，其意圖在于讓考生更多地去猜測詞語含義。其實(shí)很多短文中出現(xiàn)的超綱詞匯并不影響對(duì)全文的理解，而且我們可以以下幾種方法去猜測其含義。
①構(gòu)詞法：掌握常見的英語詞根、詞綴，通過分析生詞的詞根、前綴、后綴去推測詞義。如：1996年P(guān)assage 5中的nonfundamentalist(非原教旨主義 non-非，不;fundament基礎(chǔ)，基本原理;-al 形容詞后綴;-ist…主義者)。
②詞性加搭配：先判斷生詞在文章中的詞性，再看它與哪些詞語可以搭配，最后根據(jù)自己的常識(shí)猜測其大概含義。
③找同義詞、同義解釋或反義詞和反義解釋：在上下文中找出生詞的其他表達(dá)法，可能是近(反)義詞、一個(gè)解釋或一些暗示。
④找同位詞：上下文中可能有類似生詞出現(xiàn)的句子的平行結(jié)構(gòu)，找出其中和生詞處于同一位置的詞去推測。
考生可以適當(dāng)記些詞根詞綴，以備不時(shí)之需。如：
geo-：前綴，表示"地球"，如：geography：地理學(xué), 地理;geology：地質(zhì)學(xué) ;geophysic：地球物理學(xué);
hydro-： 前綴，表示"水"，"液體"，如：hydrobiology：水生物學(xué);hydro-cooling：水冷法;hydro-mania：投水狂，自溺;hydroelectric：水電的;
over-：前綴，表示"越過，超過"，如：overcrowdedness：過于擁擠;overestimate：估計(jì)過高，過高評(píng)價(jià);oversensitive：過于敏感;overplease：使過分高興;overactive：過于活躍。
Example
Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances-
● Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate-37?1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.
● Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63?5 and 53?1 percent respectively.
Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 75 million people-about 9 per square mile.(1998年 Passage 4)
The word "demographers" (line 1, paragraph 8) most probably means .
[A] people in favor of the trend of democracy
[B] advocates of migration between states
[C] scientists engaged in the study of population
[D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of life
根據(jù)上下文demographers提到的兩個(gè)例證都涉及人口，因此他們應(yīng)該是 "人口統(tǒng)計(jì)研究方面的人"。[C]選項(xiàng)"研究人口的科學(xué)家，也就是人口統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)家"是該詞的正確含義。同時(shí)，也可運(yùn)用構(gòu)詞法的知識(shí)， demo=people, graph=write， -er指人。因而猜出它指"記錄人口方面數(shù)據(jù)的人"。
(3)句意題解題技巧
試題中出現(xiàn)句意題時(shí)，考生需要根據(jù)上下文的內(nèi)容聯(lián)系去猜測句意;或?qū)⑺嫉木渥优c它的上下文進(jìn)行關(guān)系對(duì)照，找出它與上下文的關(guān)系，如轉(zhuǎn)折、并列、遞進(jìn)、解釋說明等，然后針對(duì)不同的關(guān)系，對(duì)上下文采取取非、找同義等方法進(jìn)行解題。
Example
It is also less than most forecasters had predicted. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America's inflation rate would average 3?5% in 1995? In fact, it fell to 2?6% in August, and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan;over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.(1997年 Passage 5)
The sentence "This is no flash in the pan" (Line 5, Paragraph 3) means that.
[A] the low inflation rate will last for some time
[B] the inflation rate will soon rise
[C] the inflation will disappear quickly
[D] there is no inflation at present
此題需要根據(jù)上下文推測句意。在This is no flash in the pan之前，作者給出近來美國、英國和日本的通貨
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