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2015年考研英語的摘要問題詳解
摘要的問題是考研學(xué)生們最近很關(guān)心的問題，從大綱來分析，10 年的考試應(yīng)用文和摘要的可能性是最大的，當(dāng)然如果是應(yīng)用文的話基本上會(huì)是以考書信為主，如果不考應(yīng)用文的話，就可能會(huì)考摘要了，由于在暑假和秋季班里面沒有涉及到摘要，有必要發(fā)一篇文章上來簡單講解一下，希望能有一點(diǎn)幫助。
其實(shí)所謂摘要就是把一篇文章的要點(diǎn)摘錄出來，獨(dú)立成一篇短文，叫做摘要。顧名思義，摘要必須簡明扼要，用詞精確，同時(shí)要求對原文內(nèi)容不加任何解釋和評論，絕對忠實(shí)于原文作者的本意和中心思想。寫摘要能訓(xùn)練學(xué)生清楚有效地表達(dá)思想，對于思維的一致性和語句的概括性有一定的要求，下面我們簡單講一下寫作的程序：
一、閱讀原文
1、在閱讀原文的時(shí)候，一定要抓住其大意，考生們完全可以將考研閱讀中作主旨題的方法用起來，比如說每段第一句，以及明顯的強(qiáng)轉(zhuǎn)折句等等，這都是抓一篇文章大意的最快方法。
2、為摘要擬定一個(gè)題目。最好是用一個(gè)單詞或一個(gè)短語言簡意賅的表達(dá)，這個(gè)過程有點(diǎn)像閱讀中的標(biāo)題題的解法，注意這個(gè)單詞最好在原文中就出現(xiàn)，怎么找呢?最簡單的一個(gè)方法就是找出本文中的最高頻詞匯，這個(gè)單詞就是與本文中關(guān)系最密切的單詞了，再接下來的寫作的時(shí)候也應(yīng)該圍繞這個(gè)單詞來展開了;或者是力求找出文章中的舉例都是為誰而舉得，這也是找出核心詞的好方法
3、找出與原文中心思想關(guān)系最密切的部分，作為寫摘要的時(shí)候最主要的材料(如何找中心思想我已經(jīng)講過了)
4、讀的時(shí)候最好做一些簡單的筆記，把有用的詞匯、數(shù)據(jù)抄到一張紙上，這個(gè)過程也是在為自己列提綱理清思路!
二、開始寫作
1、一般說來摘要的長度不應(yīng)超過原文長度的三分之一，需要對文章進(jìn)行壓縮，用哲學(xué)術(shù)語簡單的解釋一下就是：去粗取精，去例存旨，去表流里。當(dāng)然，咱們還是按照考研寫作的要求來，以它的為準(zhǔn)，但既然是摘要，字?jǐn)?shù)不要太多，否則就是改寫。壓縮文章的方法要注意一個(gè)中心，N個(gè)基本點(diǎn)，中心就是要圍繞主旨來寫作，基本點(diǎn)待我一一奉上：
a、刪除細(xì)節(jié)。摘要只取要點(diǎn)，但凡是論據(jù)一律干掉。
b、消減例子。不用我解釋了吧
c、簡化描述。原文中有十個(gè)句子在描述一個(gè)人或一件事，在摘要中只要保留一句即可。
d、壓縮句子。這個(gè)待會(huì)再說
2、要用自己的語言來寫摘要，摘要是一次文字上的再創(chuàng)造，而不是機(jī)械重復(fù)和簡單堆砌，同學(xué)們可以試著將原文中需要寫出來的材料進(jìn)行改寫，具體有四個(gè)方法(當(dāng)然，僅僅改寫是不夠的，還需要壓縮，這個(gè)呆會(huì)再說)：
a.改動(dòng)原句中的某些成分的程序，比如狀語的成分，可以放句首句尾，可以用分詞來做，可以做成插入語等等
b.改動(dòng)原句中的一些詞匯的詞性，這個(gè)依同學(xué)們的能力而為
C.可以刪除掉原句中的一些修飾成分如形容詞，副詞，從句甚至是狀語等，同樣可以達(dá)到改句子的目的
d.改寫同義詞
3、最好按照原文的順序來寫，以每段為一個(gè)任務(wù)來完成，這樣思維更加清楚。
4、最重要的一點(diǎn)來了，正如我剛剛所說，寫摘要是一種壓縮的游戲，除了要壓縮原文之外，還需要壓縮句子，之于寫摘要，壓縮句子才是主要矛盾，具體有以下幾點(diǎn)需要掌握：
a.將要摘寫的句子翻成漢語，當(dāng)然只翻譯自己認(rèn)識的部分，然后在漢語的層面上進(jìn)行改寫和語句壓縮(這一點(diǎn)應(yīng)該不難)，然后再轉(zhuǎn)換成英語，轉(zhuǎn)換回英語的時(shí)候完全可以參照原文句式，保證不犯錯(cuò)，如：
he was in financial difficulties and was being pressed by his creditor
可以改為：he had a problem because of the lack of money
John fell into the river and，before help could reach him， he sank.
可以改為：John was drowned in the river
b.用短語取代原文中的長句并且刪除長句中的從句和附屬成分
Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai，Lushan Mountain，and Huangshan Mountain，were visited by only a few people in the past. Today，better wages，holidays with pay，new hotels on those mountains，and better train and bus services，have bought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.可以改為：with the development of society，more and more people are visiting beautiful mountains like Mount Tai.
C.多用概括性詞語，少用具體描述性詞語
She brought home several Chinese and English novels，a few copies of Times and Newsweek，and some text books.She intended to read all of them during the winter vacation.
可以改為：She brought home books and magazines to read during the vacation.
下面我用一片范文舉例，各位找一找感覺，時(shí)間關(guān)系，我就不一個(gè)一個(gè)字打上去了，這篇文章是我在網(wǎng)上找的，還能用就直接復(fù)制過來了
將下面這篇約500詞的原文按要求寫成約150詞的摘要。
原文
How New York Became America?s Largest City
In the 18th century New York was smaller than Philadelphia and Boston.Today it is the largest city in America.How can the change in its size and importance be explained?
To answer this question we must consider certain facts about geography， history，and economics.Together these three will explain the huge growth of America?s most famous city.
The map of the Northeast shows that four of the most heavily populated areas in this region are around seaports.At these points materials from across the sea enter the United States， and the product of the land are sent there for export across the sea.
Economists know that places where transportation lines meet are good places for making raw materials into finished goods.That is why seaports often have cities nearby.But cities like New York needed more than their geographical location in order to become great industrial centers.Their development did not happen simply by chance.
About 1815，when many Americans from the east coast had already moved toward the west，trade routes from the ports to the central regions of the country began to be a serious problem. The slow wagons of that time，drawn by horses or oxen，were too expensive for moving heavy freight very far. Americans had long admired Europe?s canals.In New York State a canal seemed the best solution to the transportation problem.From the eastern end of Lake Erie all the way across the state to the Hudson River there is a long strip of low land.Here the Erie Canal was constructed. After several years of work it was completed in 1825.
The canal produced an immediate effect.Freight costs were cut to about one-tenth of what had been.New York City，which had been smaller than Philadelphia and Boston， quickly became the leading city of the coast.In the years that followed， transportation routes on the Great Lakes were joined to routes on the Mississippi River.Then New York City became the end point of a great inland shipping system that extended from the Atlantic Ocean far up the western branches of the Mississippi.
The coming of the railroads made canal shipping less important，but it tied New York even more closely to the central regions of the country.It was easier for people in the central states to ship their goods to New York for export overseas.
Exports from New York were greater than imports.Consequently，shipping companies were eager to fill their ships with passengers on the return trip from Europe.Passengers could come from Europe very cheaply as a result.
Thus New York became the greatest port for receiving people from European countries. Many of these people remained in the city.Others stayed in New York for a few weeks，months，or years，and then moved to other parts of the U
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