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擴(kuò)句成段的幾種有效方法
擴(kuò)句成段的幾種有效方法
吉紹鋒，馬靜
(唐山學(xué)院大學(xué)外語(yǔ)部，河北唐山063000)
第16卷第3期
2003年09月
唐山學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)
Journal of Tangshan College
Vol. 16 No. 3
Sep. 2003
摘要:介紹了在英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作中擴(kuò)句成段的10種方法，在闡釋賈領(lǐng)的同時(shí)列舉了實(shí)例。 關(guān)鍵詞:英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作;句子;段落;擴(kuò)展;中心句
中圖分類號(hào):H315文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A文章編號(hào):1672一249X(2003)02一004:一02
Effective Ways to Develop Sentences into Paragraphs
JI Shao-feng,MA Jing
(College English Division Tangshan College, Tangshan 063000,China) Abstract:The paper introduces ten ways to develop sentences into paragraphs in English writing with examples.
Key Words -English writing; sentence;paragraph; develop;focus sentence
這里的擴(kuò)句成段，是指在英文寫(xiě)作中根據(jù)中心句的主導(dǎo)
思想展開(kāi)論說(shuō)和闡述，將其擴(kuò)展成一個(gè)或幾個(gè)段落，換句話
說(shuō)就是選用、組織一些詞、詞組或句子來(lái)闡述、說(shuō)明、論證中
心句。下面介紹擴(kuò)句成段的一些方法:
1舉例法
舉例就是用具體的事例來(lái)證明作者的觀點(diǎn)和見(jiàn)解，闡發(fā)
中心句的內(nèi)容。舉例是擴(kuò)展中心句最常用的方法之一，它能
使文章富有說(shuō)服力。要注意選擇最能支持作者觀點(diǎn)、最有說(shuō)
服力的事例。例子的多少主要由表達(dá)的需要而定。例如:
Sports and games do a lot of good to our health. They
can make us strong, prevent us from getting too fat，and
keep us healthy. Especially they can be of great value to
people who work with their brains most of the day，for
sports and games give people valuable practice in exercising
the body
第一句sports and games do a lot of good to our health
是中心句，其主導(dǎo)思想是a lot of good，后邊的例子都是用來(lái)
闡述這一主導(dǎo)思想的。
2定義法
為了避免混亂和誤解，可對(duì)讀者不熟悉或可能有多種解
釋的概念下定義。定義法是文章寫(xiě)作中又一種常見(jiàn)的方法。
定義的方法主要有以下幾種:
(1)用同義詞或同義詞組來(lái)解釋某一術(shù)語(yǔ)或新詞。例
如:To mend means to repair.
(2)用含有定語(yǔ)從句的句子為術(shù)語(yǔ)下定義。這是下定義 的一種最普遍的手段。這種句子中的定語(yǔ)從句一般包括3個(gè) 組成部分:①術(shù)語(yǔ);②術(shù)語(yǔ)所屬的類別;③該術(shù)語(yǔ)指稱的事物 與同類別其它事物的區(qū)別。
句型結(jié)構(gòu)如下:Term(術(shù)語(yǔ))=its general class(基本屬 類)+how it is different。例如:A generator is an apparatus which produces electricity.
(3)擴(kuò)展式定義。有時(shí)一個(gè)概念比較復(fù)雜或比較重要， 用同義詞、同義詞組或者句子下定義還不能解釋清楚，或者 容易與其它概念相混淆，則有必要采用擴(kuò)展式定義。擴(kuò)展式 定義一般是先講出被定義的術(shù)語(yǔ)，然后再用具體實(shí)例加以說(shuō) 明，并將其與易混的概念區(qū)別開(kāi)來(lái)。例如:
Poetry is“branch of literature which explores ideas，
emotions，and experiences in a distinctive form and style. Poetry, sometimes called "verse”，depends greatly on the natural rhythms and sounds of language for its special
effects. Poetry，even more than prose (all other writings)， depends on precise and suggestive wording. In other words,a poem says much in little space. Poetry differs from prose in obvious way，also. Most often the first word' of every line begins with a capital letter,even in the middle of sentence. Poems sometimes contain rhyme，and often they have a
particular rhythm,like music.
3比較和對(duì)比法
比較和對(duì)比是一種重要的寫(xiě)作手法。比較(包括比似)是 兩種事物相同點(diǎn)的比較，而對(duì)比則指兩種事物差異點(diǎn)的比 較。通過(guò)比較和對(duì)比，作者可以將自己的論點(diǎn)闡述得更加清 楚、明確，使論證更加有力，使文章生動(dòng)、具體。比較和對(duì)比應(yīng) 遵循如下原則:
(1)只能在同種類事物之間進(jìn)行比較。例如:city life and country life(城市生活和農(nóng)村生活),socialism and capitalism (社會(huì)主義和資本主義)。
(2)在實(shí)際運(yùn)用中，往往先指出共同點(diǎn)，后指出差異和 不同點(diǎn)。
用比較法和對(duì)比法來(lái)擴(kuò)句成段的技巧大致可以概括為 以下3種:
①整體對(duì)整體法:先全面介紹A，然后再全面介紹B。當(dāng) 相比的事物或人的可比點(diǎn)比較明顯、比較廣泛時(shí)，常使用這 種方法。
②部分對(duì)部分法:先進(jìn)行第一點(diǎn)比較，再進(jìn)行第二點(diǎn)比 較，然后依次進(jìn)行第三、第四等各點(diǎn)的比較。當(dāng)兩者的相比點(diǎn) 比較多、比較具體時(shí)，便于采用這種方法。
③異同法:先列出對(duì)比的事物或人的相同點(diǎn)，然后再列 出差異點(diǎn);也可以先列出差異點(diǎn)，再列出相同點(diǎn)。這主要取決
于表達(dá)的意圖。如果想強(qiáng)調(diào)差異，則先列出相同點(diǎn)，后列出差 異點(diǎn);反之則先列出差異點(diǎn)，后列出相同點(diǎn)。一般地，后者是 強(qiáng)調(diào)的重點(diǎn)。
4分類法
所謂分類，就是把某些具有共同特征的事物按一定下位 特征分成若干屬類，比如植物分類、圖書(shū)分類等。用分類法來(lái) 擴(kuò)句成段時(shí)，在中心句里一般應(yīng)首先說(shuō)明根據(jù)什么原則或標(biāo) 準(zhǔn)分類，把事物分成多少類或哪幾類，然后逐類加以說(shuō)明。英 語(yǔ)中表示分類的連接手段有許多，常見(jiàn)的有以下幾種:
(1)?can/may/might/be devided/classified/categori-
zed/grouped into...;
(2 )we can/may/might divide/classify/categorize/group ... into...;
(3)There are?classes/kinds/types/categories/
varieties of?。
5因果法
論述因果關(guān)系二般應(yīng)首先闡明事物發(fā)生的原因，然后再 得出結(jié)果，但在有些情況下也可以只說(shuō)明事情的原因，或者 只陳述結(jié)果。在學(xué)術(shù)研究的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域里，因果法經(jīng)常要用到。 例如:We all know that cigarette smoking is a dangerous
habit because it causes health problems. Doctors say it can be a direct cause of cancer of the’ lungs and throats and can also contribute to cancer to other organs. Besides，it can
bring about other health problems such as heart lung
diseases?It is clearly identified as one of the chief causes of death in our society.
表示因果的常用詞語(yǔ)有:
(1)動(dòng)詞。引出原因的有to result from,to be the result of, to be due to; to be a consequence 01等;引出結(jié)果的有to lead to,to contribute to,to result in,to be the cause of,cause等。
(2)介詞和介詞短語(yǔ)，如because of,owing to,on account of等。
(3)連詞，如because ,as,since,for,in that ,now that,
seeing that， considering that等;
(4)語(yǔ)言素材，如so that, so ... that, such "- that,
therefore,as a result,consequently,according ly,thus等。
6程序法
程序法是擴(kuò)句成段的又一種重要手段。表示程序的段落 多是按時(shí)間順序展開(kāi)的。一般有兩種形式，即過(guò)程描述和過(guò)程 指導(dǎo)。前者用于介紹某事發(fā)生發(fā)展的過(guò)程，目的在于向人們提 供情況信息;后者主要告訴人們?cè)趺醋�，目的是介紹實(shí)際操作 方法。程序法常為科技文章所采用，且常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如: Do you know how paper is made? First,the logs are put in the shredder. Then they are cut into small chips and mixed
with water and acid. Next they are heated and crushed to a heavy pulp to be cleaned. It is also chemically bleached to whiten it. After this, it is passed through rollers to flatten it. Then,sheets of wet paper are produced. Finally, the water is removed from the sheets which are pressed,dried and refined until the finished paper is produced.
這里敘述的是造紙的程序，一道工序接一道工序。其中 大量運(yùn)用了被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
7按時(shí)間順序
敘述故事、回顧歷史或講述過(guò)程等常按時(shí)間順序展開(kāi)。 按時(shí)間順序組織的段落一般是先發(fā)生的先說(shuō)，后發(fā)生的后 說(shuō)。用這種方法擴(kuò)句成段時(shí)，應(yīng)注意正確選用時(shí)序信號(hào)詞，如 first,second ,third ,at first,then finally等。例如:
There are three steps involved in making a woodcut(木 刻，木刻畫(huà)). The first step is to cut a pattern on a flat block of wood. Second,spread printer's ink over the surface of the wood block. Third，press the inked block against a sheet of paper. When the ink has bride on the paper,your woodcut is finished.
g按空間順序
按空間順序擴(kuò)展成的段落，對(duì)事物按一定的空間位移順 序加以說(shuō)明，如從上到下，從左到右，由近及遠(yuǎn)，從外到里等。 為此，寫(xiě)作時(shí)應(yīng)首先選擇一個(gè)合適的起點(diǎn)，然后按照一定的 順序展開(kāi)敘述、描寫(xiě)，讓讀者順著作者的視線去理解。常用來(lái) 表示空間關(guān)系的方位詞和方位詞組有:above, across from,
also，around，up，under，below，beyond，down, here，in the distance，nearby, next to，close to，on the left，on the right， opposite to, on top of, beneath, over、vertical horizontal，
parallel to，等等。這些詞語(yǔ)在段落中充當(dāng)連接紐帶。用這種 方法可大至寫(xiě)一個(gè)國(guó)家，小到寫(xiě)一個(gè)房間。一般地，空間范圍 越小，就越容易下手。例如:
My house consists of two floors:the ground floor and the first floor. On the ground floor there's the dinning一
room,sitting一room,the kitchen and the hall. in the hall we keep a stand for hats,coats and umbrellas. A staircase leads from the hall to the landing on the first floor. On this floor there are four bedrooms,a bathroom and lavatory. On top of the roof there are three chimneys. In front of the house we have a small garden, in which we grow flowers. At the back of the house there's a much larger garden with a lawn and some fruit trees. At the side of the house is a garage,where I keep my car. The garden is enclosed by a fence, with a gate in it.
9按遞減順序
遞減順序是指從一般到個(gè)別的順序。按遞減順序組織的 段落常把中心句放在段首，然后通過(guò)一些細(xì)節(jié)來(lái)闡發(fā)它。用 這種方法組織段落能夠突出重點(diǎn)，開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山點(diǎn)明主題，使讀 者能很快抓住重點(diǎn)。例如:
Electricity
now is widely
heat. It also
was discovered two ltousand years ago，and
used in our life. Electricity gives us light and
electricity，radio communications is made possible. People even can't imagine what our life would be like without
electricity.
10按遞增順序
與遞減順序相反，遞增順序是從個(gè)別到一般。按遞增順 序組織段落時(shí)，常把細(xì)節(jié)放在段首和中間，即先寫(xiě)細(xì)節(jié)部分， 然后再歸納、總結(jié)，也就是說(shuō)，將中心句放在段尾。例如: If we didn't eat，we couldn't keep our bodies alive，we couldn't grow,we couldn't have energy,and various parts of our body couldn't function as they must. Modern scientists have been able to find out which substances in food our bodies need,and how much of these substances we need to be healthy. In o擴(kuò)句成段的幾種有效方法ther words，it isn't enough just to eat;we must take in enough of each type of food substance for a specific purpose.
(責(zé)任編校:安樹(shù)一)