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英語(yǔ)中最古老的詞匯
Some of the oldest words in English have been identified, scientists say.科學(xué)家們相信，他們找到了英文中最古老的文字。
Reading University researchers claim "I", "we", "two" and "three" are among the most ancient, dating back tens of thousands of years.
雷丁大學(xué)的研究人員認(rèn)為，“我”、“我們”、“二”和“三”是英文中最古老的詞匯，它們的歷史可以追溯到四萬(wàn)年前。
Their computer model analyses the rate of change of words in English and the languages that share a common heritage.
科研人員們通過(guò)一個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)模型，對(duì)英文詞匯變化和消失的幾率進(jìn)行了分析測(cè)算，并展現(xiàn)出語(yǔ)言的普遍發(fā)展歷程。
The team says it can predict which words are likely to become extinct--citing "squeeze", "guts", "stick" and "bad" as probable first casualties.
研究預(yù)測(cè)，“擠”、“膽量”、“木棍”和“壞”將很可能成為最先被廢棄和絕跡的詞匯。
"We use a computer to fit a range of models that tell us how rapidly these words evolve," said Mark Pagel, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Reading.
雷丁大學(xué)進(jìn)化生物學(xué)家馬克??佩格爾說(shuō)：“我們利用計(jì)算機(jī)模型測(cè)算出這些詞的發(fā)展速率�！�
At the root of the Reading University effort is a lexicon of 200 words that is not specific to culture or technology, and is therefore likely to represent concepts that have not changed across nations or millennia.
雷丁大學(xué)的研究進(jìn)行的基礎(chǔ)是一個(gè)包含約200個(gè)詞匯的詞匯庫(kù)，庫(kù)中的詞匯大多是一些表達(dá)人類(lèi)對(duì)事物共同感知、不易因習(xí)俗和科技而改變的詞，而非那些隨著科技和時(shí)代進(jìn)步應(yīng)運(yùn)而生的新詞。
"We have lists of words that linguists have produced for us that tell us if two words in related languages actually derive from a common ancestral word," said Professor Pagel.
佩格爾教授說(shuō)：“我們開(kāi)發(fā)這個(gè)詞匯庫(kù)首先需要讓語(yǔ)言學(xué)專(zhuān)家來(lái)告訴我們，不同語(yǔ)系的兩個(gè)詞匯是否會(huì)存在一個(gè)共同的出處�！�
"We have deions of the ways we think words change and their ability to change into other words, and those deions can be turned into a mathematical language," he added.
佩格爾教授補(bǔ)充說(shuō)道：“我們掌握了詞匯改變以及它們轉(zhuǎn)變成其它詞匯的信息，之后我們把這些信息轉(zhuǎn)變成數(shù)學(xué)語(yǔ)言�！�
What the researchers found was that the frequency with which a word is used relates to how slowly it changes through time, so that the most common words tend to be the oldest ones.
研究人員還發(fā)現(xiàn)，詞匯的使用頻率和其生命力緊密相關(guān)，越是普通的詞匯，存在的時(shí)間也越長(zhǎng)久。
For example, the words "I" and "who" are among the oldest, along with the words "two", "three", and "five". The word "one" is only slightly younger.
比如，“我”、“誰(shuí)”、“二”、“三”和“五”的歷史就非常久遠(yuǎn)，而“一”則略微年輕一點(diǎn)。
The word "four" experienced a linguistic evolutionary leap that makes it significantly younger in English and different from other Indo-European languages.
英文數(shù)字“四”由于經(jīng)歷過(guò)一次語(yǔ)言上的進(jìn)化過(guò)程，所以更為年輕一些，它和其它歐印語(yǔ)種的發(fā)音也大為不同。
Meanwhile, the fastest-changing words are projected to die out and be replaced by other words much sooner.
與之相比，變化速度越快的詞匯，消亡以及被其它詞匯取代的速度也越快。
For example, "dirty" is a rapidly changing word; currently there are 46 different ways of saying it in the Indo-European languages, all words that are unrelated to each other. As a result, it is likely to die out soon in English, along with "stick" and "guts".
例如，“臟”就是一個(gè)變化迅速的詞匯，歐印語(yǔ)系中表達(dá)“臟”的方式共有46種，而且每種聽(tīng)上去都很不相同。所以，這個(gè)詞和“木棍”、“膽量”一樣，很可能很快就在英文中消失。
"If you've ever played 'Chinese whispers', what comes out the end is usually gibberish. Yet our language can somehow retain its fidelity," Professor Pagel said.
佩格爾教授說(shuō)：“玩過(guò)‘傳話(huà)’游戲的人都知道，同樣的一句話(huà)從第一個(gè)人傳到最后一個(gè)人時(shí)通常已經(jīng)面目全非了。由此看來(lái)，語(yǔ)言對(duì)我們還是很忠誠(chéng)的。”
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