情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

時(shí)間:2023-05-04 21:06:25 中小學(xué)英語 我要投稿
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情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞是高考考查的重點(diǎn)語法項(xiàng)目之一,2005年全國(guó)17套高考試題對(duì)此都有考查。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞主要用來表示說話人的看法、態(tài)度等,它在英語動(dòng)詞中屬于最難把握的一類。

  情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,屬于助動(dòng)詞的一種。首先我們來看看助動(dòng)詞。

概  說

  助動(dòng)詞(auxiliary)主要有兩類:基本助動(dòng)詞(primary auxiliary)和情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞(modal auxiliary);局鷦(dòng)詞有三個(gè):do, have和be;情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞有十三個(gè):may, might; can, could; will, would; shall, should; must, need, dare, used to, ought to. 上述兩類助動(dòng)詞的共同特征是,在協(xié)助主動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成限定動(dòng)詞詞組時(shí),具有作用詞的功能:

1) 構(gòu)成否定式:

He didn't go and neither did she.

The meeting might not start until 5 o'clock.

2) 構(gòu)成疑問式或附加疑問式:

Must you leave right now?

You have been learning French for 5 years, haven't you?

3) 構(gòu)成修辭倒裝:

Nowhere can he obtain any information about his sister.

Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining.

4) 代替限定動(dòng)詞詞組:

A: Who can solve this crossword puzzle?

B: Tom can.

A: Shall I write to him?

B: Yes, do.

情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞的特征

  基本助動(dòng)詞與情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞最主要的區(qū)別之一是,基本助動(dòng)詞本身沒有詞義,而情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞則有自己的詞義,能表示說話人對(duì)有關(guān)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的看法,或表示主觀設(shè)想:

What have you been doing since? (構(gòu)成完成進(jìn)行體,本身無詞義)

I am afraid I must be going. (一定要)

You may have read some account of the matter. (或許已經(jīng))

  除此之外,情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞還有如下詞法和句法特征:

1) 除ought和used以外,其他情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面只能接不帶to的不定式。如果我們把ought to和used to看做是固定詞組的話,那么,所有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞無一例外地只能接不帶to的不定式:

We used to grow beautiful roses.

I asked if he would come and repair my television set.

2) 情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞在限定動(dòng)詞詞組總總是位居第一:

They need not have been punished so severely.

3) 情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞用于第三人稱單數(shù)現(xiàn)在時(shí)的時(shí)候,沒有詞形變化,即其詞尾無-s形式:

She dare not say what she thinks.

4) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有非限定形式,即沒有不定式、-ing分詞和-ed分詞形式:

Still, she needn't have run away.

5) 情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞的“時(shí)”的形式并不是時(shí)間區(qū)別的主要標(biāo)志。在不少場(chǎng)合,情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過去時(shí)形式都可以表示現(xiàn)在、過去或?qū)頃r(shí)間:

Would you mind very much if I ask you to do something?

She told him he ought not to have done it.

6) 情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞之間是相互排斥的,即在一個(gè)限定動(dòng)詞詞組中只能出現(xiàn)一個(gè)情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞,但有時(shí)卻可以與have和be基本助動(dòng)詞連用:

You should have washed the wound.

Well, you shouldn't be reading a novel.

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