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高考英語(yǔ)二輪語(yǔ)法專講精品教案 第3講:定語(yǔ)從句
高考英語(yǔ)二輪語(yǔ)法專講精品教案 第3講:定語(yǔ)從句 來(lái)源:中學(xué)學(xué)科網(wǎng) 用來(lái)說明主句中某一名詞或代詞(有時(shí)也可說明整個(gè)主句或主句中一部分)而起定語(yǔ)作用的句子叫作定語(yǔ)從句。 一.詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句 1. 關(guān)系代詞用來(lái)指代先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞 例1:This is the detective who came from London. 例2:The book which I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy. 例3:The desk whose leg is broken is very old. 例4:This is the room that Shakespeare was born in. 2.關(guān)系代詞的用法 (1) 如果先行詞是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代詞,關(guān)系代詞一般只用that,不用which。例如: All the people that are present burst into tears. (2) 如果先等詞被形容詞最高級(jí)以及first, last, any, only, few, mush, no, some, very等詞修飾,關(guān)系代詞常用that,不用which, who,或whom。例如: (3) 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,不能用關(guān)系代詞that,作賓語(yǔ)用的關(guān)系代詞也不能省略。例如: There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom、are well educated. (4) which還有一種特殊用法,它可以引導(dǎo)從句修飾前面的整個(gè)主句,代替主句所表示的整體概念或部分概念。在這種從句中,which可以作主語(yǔ),也可以作賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ),多數(shù)情況下意思是與and this 相似,并可以指人。例如: He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy. (5) that可指人或物,在從句中作表語(yǔ),(指人作主語(yǔ)時(shí)多用who)僅用于限制性定語(yǔ)從句中。 (6) which可作表語(yǔ),既可指人,以可指物。指人時(shí),一般指從事某種職業(yè)或是有種特征.品性或才能的人。Which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句可以限制性的,也可以是非限制性的。 (7) 如果作先作詞的集體名詞著眼于集體的整體,關(guān)系代詞用which;若是指集體中的各個(gè)成員,則用who。 (8) 先行詞有兩個(gè),一個(gè)指人,一個(gè)指物,關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)該用that。例如: The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely. (9) 如果先行詞是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody,關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)該用 who 或whom,不用 which。例如: Is there anyone here who will go with you? 3.“介詞+關(guān)系代詞“是一個(gè)普遍使用的結(jié)構(gòu) (1) “介詞+關(guān)系代詞“可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句,也可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。“介詞+關(guān)系代詞“結(jié)構(gòu)中的介詞可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等,關(guān)系代詞只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。 (2) from where為“介詞+關(guān)系副詞“結(jié)構(gòu),但也可以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。例如: We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town.. (3) 像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,在定語(yǔ)從句中一般不宜將介詞與動(dòng)詞分開。例如: This is the boy whom she has taken care of. 二.關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句 1.關(guān)系副詞也可以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句 關(guān)系副詞在從句中分別表示時(shí)間.地點(diǎn)或原因。關(guān)系副詞when在從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),where 充當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),why充當(dāng)原因狀語(yǔ)。 2. that可引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句表示時(shí)間.地點(diǎn)或原因 That有時(shí)可以代替關(guān)系副詞 when, where 或者why引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句表示時(shí)間.地點(diǎn)或原因,在 that引導(dǎo)的這種定語(yǔ)從句中,that也可以省去。 三.限制性定語(yǔ)從句與非限制性定語(yǔ)從句 1.二者差異比較 限制定語(yǔ)從句緊跟先行詞,同先行詞這間一般不加逗號(hào),僅修飾先行詞,可以由關(guān)系代詞.關(guān)系副詞或that來(lái)引導(dǎo)。非限制性定語(yǔ)從句僅作補(bǔ)充或說明,用逗號(hào)與主句隔開,既可修飾先行詞,又可修飾整個(gè)主句,不可用that引導(dǎo)。 2.關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的選擇依據(jù) (1) 弄清代替先行詞的關(guān)系詞在從句中作什么成分,作狀語(yǔ)的應(yīng)選用關(guān)系副詞,作主語(yǔ).賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)的可選用關(guān)系代詞。 3. 先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句隔離 定語(yǔ)從句一般緊跟在先行詞之后,但定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞之間有時(shí)也會(huì)插入別的成分,構(gòu)成先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句的隔離。例如: 1) This is the article written by him that Is poke to you about.. 2) He was the only person in this country who was invited 四.As在定語(yǔ)從句中的用法 1. 引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句 (1)as多與such 或the same連用,可以代替先行詞是人或物的名詞。 (2)as 也可單獨(dú)使用,引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,作用相當(dāng)于which。例如: The elephant’s nose is like a snake, as anybody can see. (3)the same… that與 the same …as在意思上是不同的。 2.As引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的位置 as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句位置較靈活,可以位于主句前面.中間或后面,一般用逗號(hào)與主句隔開,但which所引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能放在主句之后。例如: (1) As is expected, the England team won the football match. (2) The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone. 五.學(xué)習(xí)定語(yǔ)從句的幾個(gè)問題 定語(yǔ)從句又稱為關(guān)系從句,是最常見的從句之一,每年高考題對(duì)之均有考查。 (一)、定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞與先行詞的一致性 定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞一般應(yīng)與它所指代的先行詞的單復(fù)數(shù)保持主謂一致。例如: The students who were here just now are from No,2 Senior Middle School. 但注意下列一組句子: He is the only one of the students who was here just now. He is one of the students who were here just now. 如果one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞后跟有定語(yǔ)從句,一般情況下one of后的復(fù)數(shù)名詞為先行詞,但當(dāng)one前有the only,the very,just the修飾時(shí),先行詞則為one。 (二)、定語(yǔ)從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu) It is the place where they lived before. It is in the place that they lived before. 第一個(gè)句子為定語(yǔ)從句,where指代the place,在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ),第二個(gè)句子為強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu),強(qiáng)調(diào)in the place,that沒有意義,把in the place 放回后面句子,句子意思完整。 Where is it that he found the lost watch?(強(qiáng)調(diào)句型,強(qiáng)調(diào)疑問副詞where)。 Where is the watch that he found yesterday.(定語(yǔ)從句,that指代the watch) (三)、定語(yǔ)從句與并列結(jié)構(gòu) He has two sons,neither of whom looks like him. He has two sons,and neither of them looks like him. Ive got two sisters.Both of them are in Shanghai. 第一個(gè)句子為定語(yǔ)從句,關(guān)系代詞whom指代two sons,在定語(yǔ)從名中介詞of的賓語(yǔ)。第二個(gè)句子為并列結(jié)構(gòu),由并列連詞and連接,人稱代詞them指代two sons。第三個(gè)為兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子,兩個(gè)句子中間用句號(hào),兩句開頭的處一個(gè)字母都大寫。 (四)、定語(yǔ)從句與狀語(yǔ)從句 He found the books where he had put. He found the books in the place where he had put. 第一個(gè)句子為狀語(yǔ)從句,where he had put 作主句He found the books 的地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。第二個(gè)句子為定語(yǔ)從句,where引導(dǎo)從句修飾the place。 This is such an interesting book that Idlike to read it. This is such an interesting book as Id like to read. 第一個(gè)句子為結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句,在結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句中,it指代book,作read的賓語(yǔ)。第二個(gè)句子為定語(yǔ)從句,關(guān)系代詞as指代先行詞book的定語(yǔ)從句中read的賓語(yǔ)。 (五)、定語(yǔ)從句中的先行詞 Is this book the one that you bought yesterday? Is this the book that you bought yesterday? 第一個(gè)句子中,this book是主句的主語(yǔ),the one 是先行詞。在第二個(gè)句子中this是主句的主語(yǔ),the book是先行詞。一定要避免出現(xiàn):Is this book that you bought yesterday? (六)、定語(yǔ)從句與同位語(yǔ)從句 定語(yǔ)從句相當(dāng)于形容詞,它對(duì)先行詞起修飾、描述或限制作用,而同位語(yǔ)從句則相當(dāng)于名詞,它對(duì)其前面的詞給予說明或作進(jìn)一步解釋,即說明該詞所表示的具體內(nèi)容。例如: The news that we heard is not true.(定語(yǔ)從句) The news that he won the prize is not true.(同位語(yǔ)從句) 另:在have no idea+從句結(jié)構(gòu)中,其從句都作idea的同位語(yǔ)。例如: I have no idea when she will be back. 六、定語(yǔ)從句易犯小錯(cuò)誤 由于定語(yǔ)從句的結(jié)構(gòu)和用法比較復(fù)雜,初學(xué)者在使用時(shí)往往容易犯一些錯(cuò)誤,最常見的有如下七種: (一)、在定語(yǔ)從句中加了多余的定語(yǔ)。如: 1.誤:Some of the boys I invited them didn’t come. 正:Some of the boys I invited didn’t come. 譯:我邀請(qǐng)的男孩中有幾個(gè)沒有來(lái)。 析:應(yīng)刪去them,因?yàn)閺木涞馁e語(yǔ)是省略了的whom,who或that。 2.誤:The book that you need it is in the library. 正:The book that you need is in the library. 譯:你需要的書在圖書館里。 析:應(yīng)刪去it,因?yàn)閺木涞馁e語(yǔ)是關(guān)系代詞that。 (二)、把定語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)弄錯(cuò)。如: 1.誤:Anyone who break the law will be punished. 正:Anyone who breaks the law will be punished. 譯:任何違犯法律的人將被處罰。 析:應(yīng)改break為breaks,因?yàn)閣ho指anyone,是單數(shù)。 2.誤:Those who has finished may go home. 正:Those who have finished may go home. 譯:做完了的人現(xiàn)在可以回家。 析:應(yīng)改has為have,因?yàn)閣ho指those,是復(fù)數(shù)。 3.誤:He is the only one of the teachers who know French in our school. 正:He is the only one of the teachers who knows French in our school. 譯:他是我們學(xué)校中唯一懂法語(yǔ)的人。 析:應(yīng)改k【高考英語(yǔ)二輪語(yǔ)法專講教案 第3講:定語(yǔ)從句】相關(guān)文章:
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