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考研英語英譯漢翻譯技巧被動(dòng)語態(tài)的翻譯
翻譯前,考生應(yīng)當(dāng)首先把這篇四百字左右的短文當(dāng)作泛讀題看一遍,主要是對(duì)全文的大意、段落之間的關(guān)系有所了解。在不影響對(duì)文章主旨的理解的情況下,若有不懂的句子大可不必在意。下一步考生可以逐句地對(duì)五個(gè)劃線部分的句子精讀一番,下面是被動(dòng)語態(tài)的翻譯。
在命制試題過程中,選用的文章大多是正式的文體。這類文章的特點(diǎn)之一是被動(dòng)句很多,因?yàn)檫@類文章客觀性很強(qiáng),而被動(dòng)語態(tài)是使文章客觀化的手段之一。不但如此,在英語正式文體中還有其他表示被動(dòng)的方法,如在名詞后加-ee表示動(dòng)作的承受者(如trainee, employee, addressee, payee 分別表示受訓(xùn)者,受雇者,收件人,收款人);形容詞以 -able、-ible結(jié)尾和由過去分詞轉(zhuǎn)換的形容詞,大多含有被動(dòng)意義,如:visible stars(看得見的星星),navigable rivers(可通航的海灣)等等。介詞短語,過去分詞短語有時(shí)也能表示被動(dòng)意義。
漢語中的被動(dòng)句不占優(yōu)勢(shì)。英文中大部分的被動(dòng)句都可以譯為漢語的主動(dòng)句,只有在強(qiáng)調(diào)被動(dòng)意義時(shí)才使用被動(dòng)句。但是在漢語的主動(dòng)句中,有的在邏輯上是被動(dòng)句,如:"文章寫完了"。在這樣的句子中,主語不是謂語的動(dòng)作施行者,而是承受者。漢譯時(shí)應(yīng)該靈活采取相應(yīng)的形式。此外,漢語本身特有一些表示被動(dòng)的語言手段可以加以利用。為了使譯文符合漢語習(xí)慣,翻譯被動(dòng)句時(shí),常?梢杂靡韵聨追N方法:
(1)被動(dòng)句的主語仍譯為主動(dòng)句的主語。
The car was severely damaged beyond any means of repair while the driver was safe and sound.
譯文:汽車損壞嚴(yán)重,已無法修理,而駕車者卻安然無恙。
The discovery is highly appreciated in the circle of science.
譯文:此項(xiàng)發(fā)現(xiàn)得到科學(xué)界的高度評(píng)價(jià)。(或:科學(xué)界對(duì)此項(xiàng)發(fā)現(xiàn)給予高度評(píng)價(jià)。)
(2)將被動(dòng)句譯成主動(dòng)句,有時(shí)外加泛指人稱代詞"人們","有人","大家","我們"做主語。
Rubber is found to be a good isolating material.
譯文:人們發(fā)現(xiàn),橡膠是一種良好的絕緣材料。
The area has been marked out for building more hotels.
譯文:人們劃出這塊地區(qū)用于建造更多的旅店。
(3)把by 后動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者做主語,英文原句中的主語做賓語。
The result of the invention of the steam engine was that human power was replaced by mechanical power.
譯文:蒸汽機(jī)發(fā)明的結(jié)果是機(jī)械力代替了人力。
What measures have been or are being adopted by the government to reduce air pollution?
譯文:政府已經(jīng)采取或正在采取哪些措施去降低空氣的污染程度呢?
(4)譯成漢語中的無主句。
若根據(jù)上下文或特定情景,對(duì)行為主體一目了然,或者出于禮貌和婉轉(zhuǎn)起見,可以采用這種譯法。
The amount of carbon monoxide that an engine gives off can be reduced by special devices designed to make the engine burn the fuel more efficiently.
譯文:使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)更有效地燃燒燃料而設(shè)計(jì)的特殊裝置可以降低發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)一氧化碳的排放量。
Additional International Standards may be added to the series in the future.
譯文:將來還可能對(duì)本系列標(biāo)準(zhǔn)增加若干項(xiàng)國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
(5)改譯成漢語的判斷句,即帶表語的主動(dòng)句。
如"是由…"、"是因…"、"是在…"等等。被動(dòng)語態(tài)是表示一種狀態(tài)時(shí)可以譯成漢語的判斷句型。
My first forty years were spent in Southern Europe.
譯文:我的前四十年在南歐度過。
These machines are operated by a worker only.
譯文:這些機(jī)器只由一名工人操縱。
(6)譯成正常的被動(dòng)句,以突出被動(dòng)意義。
這不僅包括被字句,還包括漢語特有的表示被動(dòng)的手段,如"受、被、叫、挨、讓、給、遭、由、為、為…所…、把、加以、使"等等都可以表示被動(dòng)意義。
In industry, natural materials difficult to get are often replaced by plastics.
譯文:在工業(yè)中,不易獲得的天然材料常常被塑料代替。
Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.
譯文:工具和技術(shù)本身作為根本性創(chuàng)新的源泉,多年來在很大程度上被歷史學(xué)家和科學(xué)的思想家忽視了。
Problems should be resolved in good time.
譯文:問題應(yīng)該及時(shí)加以解決。
The Apollo Ⅻ crew reported that their spaceship was being followed by two UFOs.
譯文:阿波羅十二號(hào)的宇航員曾報(bào)告說,它們的宇宙飛船正遭到兩個(gè)不明飛行物的跟蹤。(用"遭到")
For separating iron from the impurities the iron ore must be melted.
譯文:為了使鐵跟雜質(zhì)分離,鐵礦石必須經(jīng)過冶煉。
常見的被動(dòng)式句型譯法:
It cannot be denied that...不可否認(rèn)
It has been illustrated that...據(jù)說明;據(jù)圖示;圖中表示
It has been proved that...已經(jīng)證明
It is(usually) considered that...據(jù)(通常)估計(jì);人們(通常)認(rèn)為
It is assumed that...假定
It is believed that...大家相信
It is alleged that...據(jù)稱
It is demonstrated that...已經(jīng)證明,文中(圖中)表明
It is estimated that...據(jù)估計(jì)
It is expected that...人們希望
It is found that...據(jù)發(fā)現(xiàn);人們認(rèn)為
It is generally agreed/recognized that...人們通常認(rèn)為/承認(rèn)
It is hoped/still to be hoped that...(我們)希望/仍希望
It is mentioned that...據(jù)說
It is noticed /noted that...人們注意到/前面已經(jīng)指出
It is proposed that...有人提議(指出)
It is recommended that...有人推薦
It is regarded that...人們認(rèn)為
It is reported that...據(jù)報(bào)道
It is said that...據(jù)說
It is stressed that...人們強(qiáng)調(diào)說
It is supposed that...據(jù)推測(cè);假定
It is thought that...有人認(rèn)為
It is universally accepted that...普遍認(rèn)為
It is well known that...眾所周知
It must be admitted that...必須承認(rèn)
It should be pointed out that...必須指出
It will be seen from it that...由此可見
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