不定式由“to + 動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成,其否定形式是“not to + 動(dòng)詞原形”。不定式可以帶賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ),沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化,但有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化。不定式可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ),但不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)。不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)有時(shí)有“for + 名詞或代詞賓格”構(gòu)成。
1.不定式的用法
1)作主語(yǔ)。不定式短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),往往放在謂語(yǔ)之后,用it作形式賓語(yǔ)。如:
To see is to believe.
It is right to give up smoking.
2)作賓語(yǔ)。不定式短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),如果還帶有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),往往把不定式賓語(yǔ)放在賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)之后,而用it作形式賓語(yǔ)。如:
He wanted to go.
I find it interesting to study history.
有些動(dòng)詞后只能用動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ),必須跟動(dòng)名詞。如:decide,plan,desire,expect,hope, wish,pretend,promise,refuse,afford,agree,ask,fail,tend,pretend,manage
3)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如:
He asked me to do the work with him.
注意:在feel,hear,notice,observe,see,watch,have,let,make等詞后的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)中,不定式不帶to。但這些句子如果變成被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),就必須帶to。如:
I often hear him sing the song.
He is often heard to sing the song.
注意:動(dòng)詞不定式在介詞but后面時(shí),如果介詞之前有行為動(dòng)詞do的各種形式,那么,這些介詞后的不定式不帶to,否則要帶to。另外,在can’t choose but和can’t help but等后面的不定式也省略to。如:
She could do nothing but cry.
I have no choice but to go.
4)作定語(yǔ)。如:
I have some books for you to read.
、僮鞫ㄕZ(yǔ)的不定式如果是不及物動(dòng)詞,或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的地點(diǎn)、工具等,不定式后面須有相應(yīng)的介詞。如:
He is looking for a room to live in.
There is nothing to worry about.
Please give me a knife to cut with.
但是,不定式所修飾的名詞如果是time,place或way,不定式后面的介詞習(xí)慣上省去。如:
He had not money and no place to live.
、诋(dāng)作定語(yǔ)的不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),不定式既可以用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),也可用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),但其含義有所不同。試比較:
Have you anything to send ?
(你有什么東西要寄嗎?——不定式to send的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者是“你”)
Have you anything to be seat.
[你有什么要(我或別人)寄的東西嗎?——不定式to be sent的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者是“我”或“別人”]
5)作狀語(yǔ),表示目的、原因、結(jié)果或條件。如:
I came here to see you. (目的)
We were very excited to hear the news. (原因)
He hurried to the school to find nobody there. (結(jié)果)
To look at him, you would like him. (條件)
目的狀語(yǔ)還可以用in order to或so as to來表示但so as to不能置于句首。如:
In order to pass the exam, he worked very hard.
We ran all the way so as not to be late.