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動(dòng)詞不定式的用法(2)
不定式也可以在作表語(yǔ)用的形容詞后面作狀語(yǔ)。如:I am very glad to hear it.
The question is difficult to answer.
“too + 形容詞或副詞 + 不定式”作狀語(yǔ)。如:
He is too old to do that.
另外,句子中有enough這個(gè)詞時(shí),常用不定式作狀語(yǔ)。例如:
The room is big enough to hold us.
6)作表語(yǔ)。如:
My job is to help the patient.
7)作獨(dú)立成分。如:
To tell the truth, I don’t agree with you.
8)不定式與疑問(wèn)詞who,which,when,where,how,what等連用,在句中起名詞作用,可充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等。如:
He didn’t know what to say. (賓語(yǔ))
How to solve the problem is very important. (主語(yǔ))
注意:在與why連用時(shí),只用于why或why not開(kāi)頭的簡(jiǎn)短疑問(wèn)句中,后面緊跟的動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to。例如:
Why not have a rest ?
9)不定式在句中用主動(dòng)式還是被動(dòng)式,多數(shù)情況下是容易判斷的,但有時(shí)的確比較復(fù)雜,請(qǐng)注意以下幾點(diǎn):
、俨欢ㄊ叫揎椀拿~或代詞和不定式邏輯上構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系時(shí),不定式往往用主動(dòng)形式。如:
Have you got a key to unlock the door ?
(A key unlocks the door. )
②不定式和它前面被修飾的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,又和該句主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時(shí),不定式常用主動(dòng)形式。
I have got a letter to write. (I write letter. )
He needs a room to live in. (He lives in a room. )
I know what to do. (I do what. )
但這句如改為下列形式,不定式就得用被動(dòng)形式:I know what is to be done.
這是因?yàn)閣hat is to be done是賓語(yǔ)從句,從句中的主語(yǔ)what是動(dòng)詞do的動(dòng)作對(duì)象。
、鄄欢ㄊ阶鞅碚Z(yǔ)形容詞的狀語(yǔ),和句中主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí),不定式多用主動(dòng)形式,這是因?yàn)槿藗兺J(rèn)為形容詞后省去了for sb. 。如:
He is hard to talk to. (to talk to him)
The book is difficult to understand. (to understand the book)
④在there be結(jié)構(gòu)中,當(dāng)說(shuō)話(huà)人考慮的是必須有人去完成某件事時(shí),不定式用主動(dòng)形式;如果說(shuō)話(huà)人強(qiáng)調(diào)的事情本身必須完成,則用被動(dòng)形式。
There is a lot of work to do. (Somebody has to do the work. )
There is a lot of work to be done. (The work has to be done. )
請(qǐng)注意下面兩個(gè)句子的含義是不同的:
There is nothing to do. (無(wú)事可做,感到十分乏味。)
There is nothing to be done. (某東西壞了,無(wú)法使之恢復(fù)正常。)
2.不定式的時(shí)態(tài)
1)不定式的一般形式所表示的動(dòng)作,通常與謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作(狀態(tài))同時(shí)(或幾乎同時(shí))發(fā)生,或是在它之后發(fā)生。例如:
I saw him go out.
2)如果謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作(情況)發(fā)生時(shí),不定式表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,這時(shí)不定式就要用進(jìn)行式。例如:
He pretended to be reading a book when she went in.
3)如果不定式的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前,就要用完成式。例如:
I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.
3.不定式的語(yǔ)態(tài)
當(dāng)不定式邏輯上的主語(yǔ)是這個(gè)不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),不定式一般要用被動(dòng)形式。如:
He asked to be sent to work in the countryside.
It is possible for our hopes to be realized.
4.不定式符號(hào)to的保留問(wèn)題
有時(shí)為了避免重復(fù),可以用to來(lái)代替前面的不定式,這種情況常出現(xiàn)下列動(dòng)詞后:expect,prefer,care,mean,forget,want,wish,hope,try以及be glad/happy等后。
如果在省略的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中含有be,have,have been,這些詞要保留。如:
—Are you on holidays ?
—No, but I’d like to be.
—I didn’t tell him the news.
—Oh, you ought to have.
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