6) -ing分詞作補語:
、--ing分詞可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, look at, listen to, observe, have, get, leave, keep, set, catch, find等動詞后面和一個名詞或代詞構成一個復合賓語,作賓語補語。如:
I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car.
我下車的時候注意到一個男人匆匆忙忙地從銀行里跑出來。
Last night the shopkeeper caught a child stealing some food in the shop.
昨晚,店主在商店里抓到一個小孩在偷東西。
②上面這類句子也可變成被動語態(tài),這時,-ing分詞可看成是主語補語。如:
We were kept waiting for quite a long time. 讓我們等了好長時間。
Jily was never heard singing that song again. 人們再也沒有聽到吉麗唱這首歌了。
5. -ing分詞的復合結構:
-ing分詞的復合結構通常由物主代詞、人稱代詞賓格、名詞所有格或者名詞的普通格+-ing分詞構成,在句子開頭時必須用物主代詞和名詞所有格,通常在句中作主語和賓語。如:
His coming made us very happy. 他的到來使我們大家都很高。
He was awakened by someone’s knocking at the door. 他被某人的敲門聲吵醒了。
1. –ing分詞作主語和表語時與不定式的區(qū)別:
-ing分詞和動詞不定式作主語和表語的主要區(qū)別在于:在表示比較抽象的一般的多次性行為時多用-ing分詞;在表示具體的或一次性的動作,特別是將來的動作時,多用不定式。如:
Smoking is forbidden here. (泛指吸煙)這里禁止吸煙。
It’s not good for you to smoke so much. (指你吸煙)吸這么多煙對你的身體不好。
My job is teaching. 我的工作是教書。
My job is to teach you English this term. 我這一學期的工作是教你們英語。
2. 高中階段能接-ing分詞作賓語的常見動詞:
mind(介意), suggest(建議), enjoy(欣賞,), admit(承認), appreciate(感激,欣賞), avoid(避免), delay(推遲), dislike(不喜歡,厭惡), escape(逃脫), finish(完成), forgive(寬恕), imagine(想象), keep(保持), miss(錯過), practise(訓練), resist(抵抗,抵制), risk(冒險), deny(拒絕,否認), consider(考慮)等。
3. 有些動詞既能接不定式,又能接-ing分詞,含義有所不同。如:
、賔orget, remember, regret等詞后面接不定式表示不定式動作后于謂語動作,而后接-ing分詞作賓語表示分詞動作先于謂語動作。如:
Do you remember seeing me before? 你記得以前見過我嗎?
Remember to lock the door when you leave. 離開時要記得鎖門。
、趧釉~mean, stop, try, go on等動詞后面接分詞和接不定式作賓語,意思也有所不同。如:
I try not to think about that. 我盡量不去想那件事。
Would you please try doing that again? 請你再試一次好嗎?
I mean to change it for another one. 我想換成另外一個。
Missing the train means waiting for another hour. 誤了這班車就意味著再等一個小時。
Having finished the exercises, we went on to learn the new words in the next unit.
做完練習以后,我們繼續(xù)學習下一單元的單詞。
After a short rest, they went on working. 短暫地休息以后,他們又繼續(xù)工作。
He stopped talking when the bell rang. 鈴響的時候,他停止了講話。
While working, he stopped to talk with Tom at times. 工作的時候,他不時地停下來和湯姆談話。
注意:有時人們把stop后的動詞不定式理解為目的狀語。
③動詞allow, advise, forbid, permit等可直接跟-ing分詞作賓語,不可以接動詞不定式作賓語,但可接不定式作賓語補語。如:
Please permit me to say a few words. 請允許我說幾句話。
We don’t permit smoking here. 我們這兒不允許吸煙。
④動詞need, require, want作“需要”解時,后面接-ing分詞或不定式的被動式。如:
The room wants cleaning/to be cleaned. 這個房間需要打掃。
These little children require looking after carefully/to be looked after carefully.
這些小孩需要細心地照料。
、輨釉~like, hate, prefer等后面,如表示一般性動作,多用-ing分詞;如指特定的具體的某次動作,多用不定式。如:
I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim with you. 我喜歡游泳,但我不喜歡和你一起游泳。
I prefer walking to school every day. 我情愿每天步行去學校。
I prefer to stay at home today. 今天我情愿呆在家里。
、迍釉~begin, start后面,如表示有意識地開始做某事,常用-ing分詞,否則用不定式更多一些。如:
We began to do that job last year. 我們去年開始做那工作的。
They started talking about the film at once. 他們立刻開始談論那部電影。
注:下面幾種情況多用不定式作賓語:
a. 當start, begin本身用于進行時態(tài)時。
When the teacher came into the room, he was starting to write to his parents.
老師走進教室的時候,他正開始寫信給他的父母親。
b. 當start, begin后接表示心理活動的動詞時。
Hearing the news, he started to think of a good way to solve the problem.
一聽到消息,他就開始考慮一個好辦法來解決這個問題。
c. 當句子的主語是無生命的東西時。
We were about to leave when it began to rain. 我們正準備離開,天開始下雨了。
4. -ing分詞作表語的兩種不同含義:
、-ing分詞作表語可以表示主語的內容是什么。如:
Their job is building houses. 他們的工作是蓋房子。
The real question is getting to know the needs of the people. 真正的問題是了解人民的需要。
、-ing分詞作表語還可以表示主語所具有的特征。如:
This story is very interesting. 這故事很有趣。
The problem is quite puzzling. 這個問題很令人困惑。
、侉Cing分詞作定語可用來說明被修飾的名詞的用途和性能。如:
reading material 閱讀材料 walking stick 手杖 fishing pole 魚桿
flying suit 飛行服 writing table 寫字臺 listening practice 聽力訓練
、-ing分詞作定語還可以表示所修飾的人或物的動作或狀態(tài),在意思上接近一個定語從句,可以表示正在進行的動作,也可表示經(jīng)常性動作或當時的狀態(tài)。如:
developing countries = countries that are developing 發(fā)展中國家
a growing city = a city that is growing 發(fā)展著的城市
an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary 看起來很普通的房子
a touching story = a story that is touching 一個動人的故事
working people= people who are working 勞動人民
6. 不定式和-ing分詞作賓語補語的區(qū)別:
在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等感官動詞后,既可用-ing分詞構成復合賓語,也可用不定式構成復合賓語,兩者之間有一定的區(qū)別。用-ing分詞時,表示動作正在進行;用不定式時,表示動作發(fā)生了,即動作的全過程結束了。如:
Do you hear someone knocking at the door? (Someone is knocking at the door.) 有人在敲門你聽見了嗎?
Do you hear someone knock at the door? (Someone knocked at the door just now.) 你聽見有人敲門了嗎?
7. 高中階段常見的帶介詞to的短語,后接-ing分詞或名詞。如:
admit to(承認), contribute to(捐助、貢獻), get down to(著手做), give way to(讓位于),keep to (堅持、遵守), lead to (導致),look forward to(期待), take to(從事), turn to (求助于), stick to(忠于、堅持), point to(指向、表明), see to (注意、處理), be used to (習慣于), devote oneself to (獻身于), be equal to (勝任的、等于), be familiar to (為……熟悉).
高中階段有一些固定的-ing分詞短語,如generally speaking(一般來說), judging from…(根據(jù)……來判斷), considering…(考慮到……), talking of…(談到……,提到……), supposing…(假如……)等,它們的邏輯主語和句子的主語不一致。這種短語可以被稱之為句子的狀語,也可當作一個插入語。如:
Judging from his accent, he must come from Canada. 從他的口音看他一定來自加拿大。
Considering how poor he was, we decided to let him attend the concert for free.
考慮到他是多么的窮,我們決定讓他免費聽音樂會。