一、語(yǔ)態(tài)的基本概念和種類
語(yǔ)態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的一種形式,用來(lái)表明主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間的關(guān)系。英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài):主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
如:主動(dòng)句:They built this bridge.
被動(dòng)句:This bridge was built by them.
二、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“be +及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成,助動(dòng)詞be 有人稱、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化,其變化規(guī)則與be 作為系動(dòng)詞的變化完全一樣。
三、八種常用時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)舉例
1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
A lot of books are kept in our school library. 我們學(xué)校圖書館有許多藏書。
2.一般過(guò)去時(shí)
A thief was caught last night. 一個(gè)小偷昨晚被抓了。
3.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
The watch is being repaired. 這塊表正在修理。
4.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
The door was being painted at that time. 那時(shí)門還在油漆。
5.一般將來(lái)時(shí)
The class meeting will be held next Saturday afternoon. 班會(huì)下周六下午召開。
6.過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)
They said the work would be finished the next day. 他們說(shuō)這項(xiàng)工作第二天就能完成。
7.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
My bag has been stolen. 我的包被偷了。
8.過(guò)去完成時(shí)
She said this airport had never been used. 她說(shuō)這個(gè)機(jī)場(chǎng)沒(méi)有使用過(guò)。
四、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
例:1)主動(dòng)句:You must hand in your homework this afternoon.
被動(dòng)句:Your homework must be handed in this afternoon.
2)主動(dòng)句:I have to do the job myself.588.es
被動(dòng)句:The job has to be done by myself.
3)主動(dòng)句:All of us ought to obey the rule.
被動(dòng)句:The rule ought to be obeyed.(by all of us)
五、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法
1.當(dāng)不知道誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí),用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如:
His bike has been stolen. 他的自行車被熱偷走了。
2.在沒(méi)有必要或不想指出誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí),用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如:
China was librated in 1949. 中國(guó)是一九四九年解放的。
3.強(qiáng)調(diào)或突出動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如:
The plan has already been made. 計(jì)劃已經(jīng)制訂好了。
用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),如需同時(shí)指出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,可用“介詞by +動(dòng)詞執(zhí)行者(賓格)”這一結(jié)構(gòu)。
例如: Midnight was written by Mao Dun. 《子夜》是茅盾寫的。
六、使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)應(yīng)注意的事項(xiàng)
1. 及物動(dòng)詞能構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),不及物動(dòng)詞不能構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
例如:Children sleep soundly. 小孩睡得香。
某些不及物動(dòng)詞與介詞或副詞構(gòu)成不可分割的短語(yǔ)時(shí),如有賓語(yǔ),可用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
例如:The speaker was listened to carefully. 人們聆聽發(fā)言人的講話。
2.某些動(dòng)詞形式上是主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),但含有被動(dòng)的意思。
例如:This book sells well. 這本書暢銷。
3.帶有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的一般被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be +過(guò)去分詞”。
例如:The question needn’t be discussed. 這個(gè)問(wèn)題不必討論。
4.帶有不定式的一般被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是“to be +過(guò)去分詞”。
例如:A new hotel is going to be built near the station. 車站附近要建一所新旅館。
七.用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式表示被動(dòng)含義的常用動(dòng)詞:{主動(dòng)代替被動(dòng)}
clean sell lock translate read write wash wear cook
tear cut keep burn strike pull act last feel smell taste look
例:1)The cloth washes well.
2) Potatoes cook slowly.
3 ) The door doesn’t lock.
八、make let sb do sth; hear see sb do sth變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)要加上不定式標(biāo)志to
[中考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)之被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)講解]