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冬季雞舍怎么控制氨氣含量不超標，看這里
The University of Georgia
The Three Keys to Litter Moisture Control....Fresh Air, Heat, and Air Movement
墊料水分控制三大關鍵點：新鮮空氣、加熱和空氣流動
What does it take to control litter moisture during cold weather? Quite simply it requires three things: fresh air, heat, and air movement. Fresh air is required to transport excess moisture from inside the house to outside the house. Heat is needed to increase the temperature as well as the moisture holding capacity of the cool incoming air, and air movement helps to extract the moisture from the litter so it can be exhausted from the house. Any successful moisture control program must comprise all three components. For instance, if you bring in cold air, circulate it over the litter but don’t add heat, little if any moisture will be removed from the litter. Likewise, it is difficult to dry litter if you bring in fresh air and heat but don’t move it over the litter. And of course if you heat and circulate air, but do not provide an exchange of air you cannot keep a house dry.
在冬季需要要什么來控制墊料中的水分？非常簡單，它需要三樣東西：新鮮的空氣、加熱和空氣流動。新鮮的空氣可以將多余的水分從雞舍內轉運到雞舍外。加熱可以提高溫度以及進入雞舍的冷空氣的吸水力，空氣流動有助于提取墊料中的水分從而可以將水分從雞舍內排出去。任何成功的水分控制計劃必須包括上述三個組分。例如，如果你引入冷空氣，在墊料上方循環(huán)但是沒有加熱，墊料中的水分不會清除出去。同樣，如果你引入新鮮空氣和熱量但是沒有在墊料上方流動也很難保持墊料干燥。當然如果你加熱空氣并讓空氣循環(huán)但是沒有提供交換的空氣，你也不能保持禽舍干燥。
This concept is really no different than drying clothes. You can put wet clothes in a dryer, add heat and tumble them, but without fresh air to remove moisture from the dryer, essentially no moisture would be removed from the clothes. You can add heat as well as fresh air but if you don’t circulate the clothes in the dryer it would be difficult to get the clothes fully dried. Last but not least, wet clothes can be circulated in a drier, fresh air introduced but without heat you will have a very long wait. It all comes down to the simple truth that in order to maximize moisture removal, be it from clothes or litter, you need air exchange, heat, and air movement.
這個概念與烘干衣服實質上沒有區(qū)別。你將濕衣服放在烘干機上，加熱并翻動它們但是沒有新鮮空氣進入將水分從干燥機內帶走，那么衣服所含的水分就不會流失。你可以加熱同時引入新鮮空氣但是如果沒有將衣服在烘干機內翻轉，就很難讓衣服干燥完全。最后但同樣重要的，濕衣服在烘干機上翻轉，引入了新鮮空氣，但是沒有加熱那么則需要等待非常長的時間衣服才能干燥。
Figure 1. Loose house where most cool, fresh air is entering through cracks in the side wall and not the side wall inlets.
A moisture control system in a poultry house consists of timer fans to exchange the air, brooders/furnaces to supply supplemental heat, and most importantly inlets help to condition, warm and dry, the cool incoming air as well as to promote the movement of air over the litter. But, how effective this system is in removing moisture from the litter depends to a large extent on house tightness. This is because it is only the air that enters through a house’s inlets that will be properly conditioned before moving down to and over the litter. Cold, damp air entering through cracks in the side walls, fan shutters, tunnel doors/curtains, etc. will tend to drop quickly to the floor, chilling the birds and removing little moisture from the litter. As a result, the greater the proportion of air coming in through cracks the more difficult it is to control litter moisture. For instance, when operating three 36' minimum ventilation in a loose house (static pressure test < 0.05') well over 50% of thehttp://www.wenku1.com fresh air brought in entering through cracks and not through side wall inlets (Figure 1). This means less than half the fresh air brought in will really help to control litter moisture. Contrast this to a tight house (static pressure test > 0.20') where better than 80% of the fresh air is being properly conditioned by the house’s inlet system before moving down to floor level.
這一切都歸結為簡單的事實，要最大限度地去除衣服或墊料中的水分，你需要空氣交換，加熱和空氣流動。
密封不嚴實的雞舍，大多數(shù)冷的新鮮的空氣通過側墻的漏風口而不是側墻的進口進入。
禽舍的水分控制系統(tǒng)包括用于交換空氣的定時風機，補充供應熱量的育雛器/電爐，以及最重要的進氣口幫助溫暖干燥進入的冷空氣以及改善墊料上方的空氣流動。
但是，這個系統(tǒng)在去除墊料水分的有效性很大程度上取決于室內密封性。雞舍密封性好，通風小窗就成為空氣唯一的入口，從正常小窗進入的空氣在移動落至墊料上之前必須經(jīng)過合理的混合處理。通過側墻裂縫、風機葉、管道門/簾幕等進入雞舍的冷的干燥的空氣會很快落到地板上，這會讓雞只受涼而且?guī)缀醪粫コ龎|料中的水分。因此，通過裂縫進入雞舍的氣體比例最大越難控制墊料中的水分。例如，在密封不嚴實的雞舍運轉三個36英寸最低通風風機（靜態(tài)壓<0.05英寸），超過50%的新鮮空氣是通過漏風進入而不是通過側墻小窗進入（圖1）。這表示只有不到一半的新鮮空氣實質上有助于控制墊料水分。將這個與一個密封嚴實的雞舍（靜態(tài)壓測試> 0.20英寸）比較，密封嚴實的雞舍中在空氣到達地板水平上時超過80%的新鮮空氣是通過雞舍小窗風口進入。
Figure 2. Proper inlet air flow pattern to control litter moisture.
Once a house is made tight, special attention needs to be paid to the inlet system; is it set to achieve maximum heating of the incoming air before it moves down to floor level? The ideal is for the air entering through side wall
inlets to travel along the ceiling until it just makes it to the center of the house at which point it gently moves down toward the floor (Figure 2). Essentially, we want to maximize the travel distance along the ceiling so the cool incoming air will be sufficiently heated by the warm air collecting at the ceiling produced by the house’s heating system as well as that produced by the birds. As the air moves along the ceiling, the temperature of the air increases and the relative humidity of the air decreases, making it easier to dry the litter without chilling the birds. In addition, the inlets create a beneficial air circulation pattern. The air emanating from the inlets moves up toward the peak of the ceiling, then down toward the floor and finally back to the side wall, pulling moisture out of the litter as it goes.
一旦雞舍密封嚴實，需要特別注意風口系統(tǒng)。風口設定了在空氣落到地板之前能夠攜帶最大的熱量了嗎？理想的是通過側墻風口進入的空氣沿著屋頂流動在到達雞舍中央時，在這里會慢慢向地板移動（圖2）�；旧希覀兿胍諝庋刂蓓斄鲃拥木嚯x最大化這樣進入的冷空氣可被雞舍加熱系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生的以及雞群產(chǎn)生的屋頂?shù)臒峥諝獬浞只旌霞訜�。隨著空氣沿著屋頂移動，空氣的溫度增加，相對濕度下降，很容易將墊料干燥而不會讓雞群遇冷。此外，入氣口建立了有益的空氣循環(huán)模式。從風口引入的空氣向屋頂移動，然后再向地板流動，最后落到側墻上，隨著流動將墊料中的水分帶走。
The exact inlet opening and pressure required to properly condition the cool, damp incoming air varies from house to house but in general a static pressure between 0.07' and 0.12' as well as an inlet opening around two inches tends to work best (Figure 3). The optimal inlet opening and pressure required depends on a wide variety of factors including type of inlet, inlet location, house width, ceiling smoothness, and outside vs. inside temperature difference. As with most things, it takes a little experimenting to determine what combination of inlet opening and pressure will provide the optimal inlet air flow pattern.
精確的小窗開放和壓力需要適當處理冷的濕潤的進入空氣在各個雞舍上的變化但是一般靜態(tài)壓在0.07-0.12英寸之間，以及小窗開口在2英寸左右效果最好（圖3）。最佳進氣口開口和壓力取決于各種因素包括風口類型、風口位置、雞舍寬度、天花板光滑度以及內外溫差。與其他東西一樣，需要一些經(jīng)驗來測定如何設定風口和壓力組合以提供最佳的入口空氣流動模式。
圖3.來自2英寸入口和0.10英寸靜態(tài)壓的側墻的氣流
One of the best ways to visualize the air flow pattern from your inlets is to hang small pieces of old VCR or surveyors tape from the ceiling, every five feet or so from the side wall to the ceiling peak. What you are looking for is the first few tapes to be moving fairly violently with the lasts ones near the peak of the ceiling barely moving. Another way to determine if you have your inlets set properly is that house temperature should not decrease during at least the first 30 seconds or so the minimum ventilation fans are operating. In fact, with larger birds it is fairly common to see the house temperature actually increase a degree or more during the first minute the minimum ventilation fans are operating in a tight house with properly set side wall inlets. If the temperature quickly decreases when the timer fans come on you are not fully conditioning the cold incoming air before it moves down to floor level, making it more difficult to remove moisture from the litter.
It is important to note that a sudden drop in house temperature can also be the sign that you are operating too many timer fans. Ideally, with young birds a producer should use no more than one cfm of timer fan capacity per square foot of floor space (i.e., 40' X 500' house = 20,000 cfm - two 36' fans) and no more than two cfm per square foot of floor space for older birds (i.e., 40' X 500' house = 40,000 cfm - four 36' fans). The goal is not to flood the house
其中一個最好的方法是從屋頂上懸掛一些小的片狀的老VCR或測量卷帶，從側墻倒屋頂最高點每5英尺放一個，然后從風口看一下空氣流動模式。你看到前幾個帶子晃動相對劇烈而靠近屋頂?shù)膸讉�幾乎不動。
另一個測定你的風口是否合適的方法是至少在前30秒左右最低排風機運轉時舍溫不應該下降。實際上，雞越大，在密封的雞舍在最低排風機運轉期間側墻風口合理設定的情況下舍溫實際會增加一度以上。如果在定時風機運轉時溫度很快下降，那么你在冷空氣逐漸降到地板上前肯定沒有完全控制好進入的冷空氣。
要注意舍內溫度突然下降也可能是你的定時風機運轉時間太長。理想地，在青年雞上，生產(chǎn)者必須使用低于1cfm/平方英尺容量的計時風機（即40英尺× 500英尺雞舍=20000 cfm-2個36英寸風機），日齡較大的雞不超過2 cfm /平方英尺（即40英尺× 500英尺雞舍=40000 cfm-4個36英寸風機）。
with a large amount of cold fresh air but rather to bring smaller volume of air in the house over a longer period of time so as not to cause large variations in house temperature and air quality. For example, you will find that it is far more effective to use two 36' fans operating one minute out of five rather than to operate four 36' fans 30 seconds out of five minutes.
目標是不要讓大量冷的新鮮空氣淹沒雞舍而是將少量氣體在較長的時間內帶入雞舍這樣不會導致舍內溫度和空氣質量發(fā)生很大變化。例如，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)使用2個36英寸的風機在5分鐘內運行1分鐘比使用4個36英寸的風機運行30秒更有效。
How do you know how much you should be operating timer fans? Since we are trying to control moisture, one way is to use a minimum ventilation chart based on bird water consumption (Table 1). The more water the birds drink, the more water we need to remove, the more the timer fans we need to operate. Though Table 1 provides a good starting point, in reality the best method of determining how much timer fans should be operated is to simply monitor the relative humidity of the air in a house. The optimal humidity is between 50 and 60%. If the humidity is too high you should increase fan run time, if too low runtime should be decreased.
你怎么知道你必須運行定時風機多少次？因為我們正在嘗試控制水分，一個方法是根據(jù)雞消耗的水量來使用最低通風圖。雞飲水越多，我們需要排出的水就越多，定時風機運轉越多。雖然表1提供了一個好的起點，實際上最好的測定定時風機必須運行多少次的方法是簡單地監(jiān)控舍內空氣的相對濕度。最佳濕度在50%-60%之間。如果濕度太高，你必須延長風機運行時間；如果太低，運行時間必須減少。
1.每消耗10加侖水的情況下風機的運行時間（300秒內）
Inside temperature
Two - 36' fans
Four - 36' fans
90oF
5 seconds
3 seconds
80oF
10 seconds
5 seconds
70oF
15 seconds
8 seconds
60oF
20 seconds
10 seconds
Figure 4. Circulation fan system
It is important to realize that though a properly set inlet system will create some amount of air movement over the litter, it is typically not enough by itself to insure maximum litter moisture removal. The problem in part is that though it is true that the inlets when properly set do produce some level of air movement over the litter, in most situations, especially with younger birds, they only do so when the exhaust fans are operating, which is often less than 50% of the time. When the exhaust fans are not operating, the air tends to become still which is not conducive to removing moisture from the litter. Another challenge is that in an effort to keep fuel usage to a minimum the relative humidity during cold weather often tends to run around 60 to 70% as opposed to the optimal 50% to 60%. The higher humidity makes it more difficult for the air to remove moisture from the litter. The negative impact of higher relative humidities can be somewhat offset by increasing the level of air movement over the litter. It is not that different from using a towel to soak up a spill. If the towel is very dry you can simply set it on a spill and it will soak up all the liquid. But, if the towel is damp you will probably need to move it around a good bit to soak up the spill. The damper the towel the more you will need to move it around.
要認識到雖然合理的設定風口系統(tǒng)會在墊料上方產(chǎn)生一些空氣流動，但是這本身不足以確保最大化去除墊料中的水分。問題是雖然合理設定風口確實在墊料上方產(chǎn)生了一些空氣流動，但是在大多數(shù)情況下，尤其是較幼年的雞，它們只在排風機運行時這樣準哦，而這時候風機運行往往不到50%的時間。當排風機沒有運行時，空氣趨于靜止，這種情況就不能去除墊料中的水分。
另一個挑戰(zhàn)是在冬季相對濕度一般在60%-70%左右期間努力減少燃料用量。
較高的濕度更難通過空氣去除墊料中的水分。相對濕度較高的負面影響可通過增加墊料上方的空氣流動來彌補。這無異于用毛巾吸干泄露的水。如果毛巾太干，你只是簡單地將毛巾放在漏出的水上就行。但是，如果毛巾太濕，你可能需要轉一下到一個好的點上再吸漏出的水。毛巾越濕你越要轉。
The best way to offset these challenges is through the use of a circulation fan system (Figure 4). A circulation fan system is used not only to break up stratification and create more conditions from one end of a house to the other but just as importantly is used to increase the level of air movement over the litter to aid in moisture removal. A proper circulation fan system gently moves air across the litter, generally producing air speeds in the neighborhood of 50 ft/min so as not to cause harmful drafts on the birds. Ideally, circulation fans should operate continually to maximize moisture removal but may be need to be temporarily turned off when the timer fans operate if they interfere with the air circulation pattern created by the air inlets.
最好的解決這些問題的方法是使用循環(huán)風機系統(tǒng)（圖4）。循環(huán)風機不僅用于破壞空氣分層而且還在雞舍一端到另一端上創(chuàng)造了更好的條件，但是更重要的是使用循環(huán)風機增加了墊料上方的空氣流動，從而有助于去除墊料中的水分。合適的循環(huán)風機系統(tǒng)緩慢地去除了墊料上的水分，一般接近50英尺/分鐘的風速不會給雞帶來負面效果。理想地，循環(huán)風機必須一直運行以最大化地去除墊料中的水分但是當定時風機運行時如果它們干涉了進氣口產(chǎn)生的空氣循環(huán)模式那么就需要臨時關閉循環(huán)風機
One of the biggest concerns when it comes to controlling litter moisture is how to do so while keeping heating costs to a minimum. Though it will always take some amount of heat to control litter moisture during cold weather, how much depends to a large extent on the performance of a houses inlet system. If a house is tight, air exchange rates will be more closely controlled and air entering through the inlets will be maximized, which in turn will lead to better conditioning of the incoming air as well as better utilization of both heat added by brooders/furnaces and that produced by the birds.
什么時候開始控制墊料水分其中一個最大的關注是如何做這樣可以保持加熱成本最低。雖然在寒冷季節(jié)需要一些熱量來控制墊料水分，多少很大程度上取決于雞舍進氣系統(tǒng)的性能。如果雞舍密封好，空氣交換速率嚴密控制，通過入氣口進入的空氣最大，這樣反過來會導致進來的空氣條件較好以及育雛器/加熱爐以及雞自身產(chǎn)生的熱量增加。
Though at times controlling litter moisture may seem like an impossible task, with proper management of incoming air and house relative humidity, it can be done. Proper litter management will result in better environment for the birds and ultimately better health and performance.
雖然有時控制墊料的水分看起來像是一件不可能做到的事，但是合理地管理進入的空氣以及雞舍相對濕度，是可以做到的。合適的墊料管理會給雞提供更好的環(huán)境，并最終對雞的健康和生長性能產(chǎn)生有益影響。
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