高中英語語法知識重難點

高中英語語法知識重難點

高中英語難點詞語使用解釋 一,使用代用詞one應(yīng)注意的問題 英語中one可用作代用詞.它代替上文出現(xiàn)的名詞詞組中心詞,以避免重復.使用代用詞one時需注意以下幾個方面: 1.只能代替可數(shù)名詞,不能代替不可數(shù)名詞.eg: I haven't got a raincoat.I'll have to buy one. Brown's old car is much better than our new one. 2.復數(shù)名詞的代用詞為ones.eg: He ate all the big cherries and left me the little ones. There was a mother bird in the nest and there were four young ones. 3.代用詞one的常用關(guān)聯(lián)情況 1)與前面帶有冠詞的形容詞連用.eg: We are moving from our present house into a smaller one. Have you any knives I need a sharp one. I like a strong cup of tea better than a weak one. I propose in this chapter and in the following one to give an outline of the pioneering work. 2)與形容詞性物主代詞和形容詞連用.eg: Take off your blue dress and put on your green one. 3)其前有定冠詞,其后有后置修飾語(形容詞短語或定語從句).eg: If you can't find your pen, use the one on the table. Hand me my coat,please.It is the one hanging on the third hook. Of the two watches, I prefer the one that you showed us first. 4)與this和that連用,其后可接后置修飾語或定語從句.eg: You sit in that chair,and I'll have this one. The book I am referring to is that one on the second shelf. The most valuable ring that l possess is this one I am wearing. 5)其前可用廣義序數(shù)詞,如next,1ast, other,another及疑問代詞which等.eg: Let's finish this exercise so we can go on to the next one. Some of the answers were correct,but I don't remember which ones. 6)在口語中,代用詞one常與形容詞最高級連用.eg: Betty had tens of thousands of Augustus's 1etters. She chose from these thousands the fifteen most damaging ones she could find. 4.代用詞one(或ones)的省略 1)句中形容詞表示前后對比時,可以省略代用詞.eg: His professional instincts are stronger than his personal (ones). Local political forces are 1ess concentrated than national(ones). There are,of course,bad architects as well as good(ones). Anglo—Saxon should be preferrted to foreign words,and the short word to the long (one). 2)句中只提到兩種可能性時,一般省略代用詞.eg: The new library will be like the o1d(one). Lean years may be expected to follow the fat(ones). 3)形容詞比較級后常省略代用詞.eg: I know this is not quite the right word,but I can't be bothered to think of a better (one). There were two tables 1aid…h(huán)e and Ann were expected to preside at the smaller (one). 4)"不定冠詞+原級形容詞"后的代用詞一般不省略.eg: Have you any knives I need a sharp one. 5.不使用代用詞的場合 1)one不可用來代替不可數(shù)名詞或集合名詞.以下各句中省略的均不是代用詞one.eg: I'd prefer the red wine to the white (wine). It is cheaper to buy old furniture than to have new (furniture) made. 2)one一般不能與own連用.eg: I can't write properly with your pen;I'd rather use my own.(不能用my own one) Mrs Smith is both 1oved and respected in many countries besides her own.(不能用 her own one) 3)one不能置于所有格名詞或形容詞性物主代詞之后.eg: As my own bicycle was broken,I borrowed John's.(不能用John's one) Is this my pen,or is it yours (不能用your one) 如需連用,所有格名詞或形容詞性物主代詞與代用詞之間必須有一形容詞,如John's old one,your new one,my best one等.eg: You may borrow my o1d pen,if you wish,but I cannot 1end you my best one. My humble fate is curiously bound up with John's illustrious one. 4)one不能與these和those連用.eg: I don't care for those flowers;I would rather have these. These machines are better than those we turned out last year. 5)one不能與基數(shù)詞連用.eg: You have three book; I have only two.(不能用two ones) 但在口語中有時可以例外.eg: There were a 1ot of artistic kinds of people there,and one or two ones from the BBC. 二,"to...to"結(jié)構(gòu)之肯定意義的語域 及其成因研究 "too…to"是英語中常見的,以其肯定形式表示否定意義的結(jié)構(gòu).但是,并不是所有的"too…to"結(jié)構(gòu)都表示否定意義.在某些情況下,"too…to"結(jié)構(gòu)也表示肯定意義.下面將從"too...to"結(jié)構(gòu)的語義特征分析其肯定意義及其語域和成因. 一,"too...to"結(jié)構(gòu)的肯定意義在"

某些特殊副詞+too…to"結(jié)構(gòu)語域中的體現(xiàn)及其成因研究: 1.語域研究 "too...to"結(jié)構(gòu)之前帶有"but,only,all,simply,just"時,該結(jié)構(gòu)表示強烈的肯定意義,漢譯為"非常/十分/實在/真是太……"等.eg: They are but too glad to do so.他們非常喜歡這么做. The patient was only too willing to be operated upon.病人非常愿意接受手術(shù). We are all too satisfied to take your advice.我們非常樂意接受你的建議. We shall be simply too glad to help you.我們很樂意幫助你. I am just too glad to help you.能幫你的忙,我真是太高興了. 2.成因研究 在以上例句中,too前面的"but,only,all,simply,just"等副詞只起到了加強語氣的作用.因此,用于"too...to"結(jié)構(gòu)前面的這幾個副詞可以互換,而不定式,to則表示原因,有肯定意義.另外,該用法中的too只表示程度深一些,所以不會對其后的形容詞產(chǎn)生否定意義,反而更強調(diào)了其肯定意義. 二,"too...to"結(jié)構(gòu)的肯定意義在"否定副詞+too...to"結(jié)構(gòu)和"too...+not to"語域中的體現(xiàn)及其成因研究 1.語域研究 "too...to"結(jié)構(gòu)前也可以加否定副詞not或never構(gòu)成"not/never too…to"和"too...not to"結(jié)構(gòu).該結(jié)構(gòu)不表示否定,而表示肯定,譯為"不太……可以……,決不……能……,非常(很,太,那么)……不會不(必定能,所以能)……".eg: He is not too weak to carry the bag.他不太弱小;可以背得動那個書包. The box is not too heavy to lift.這只箱子不太重,可以抬得起來. It is never too late to mend.亡羊補牢,猶未晚也. One is never too old to learn.活到老學到老. He is too careful not to have noticed that.他那么小心,肯定會注意到那一點的. You are too kind not to help me.你很善良,肯定會幫助我的. 2.成因研究 當too表示"太,過分"意義時,它是一個表示超量的程度副詞,對其后所跟的形容詞起一種消極作用,含有否定意義,因此就導致了"too…to"結(jié)構(gòu)含有否定意義.但如果在too前加否定詞not或never,形成雙重否定,則能使原來具有否定意義的"too...to"結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)化為肯定意義. 三,"too…to"結(jié)構(gòu)的肯定意義在"too+特殊形容詞+to"結(jié)構(gòu)語域中的體現(xiàn)及其成因研究 1.語域研究 有時可以在too之后加表示某種心情或描繪性的形容詞,表示肯定意義.這類形容詞有"glad,pleased,happy,satisfied,ready,apt,incline,kind,eager"等.eg: He is too ready to help others.他十分樂意幫助別人. He is too inclined to be cheated.他很容易上當受騙. Beginners are too apt to make mistakes in grammar.初學者極易犯語法錯誤. He is too eager to know the result of his experiment.他迫切想知道他所做的實驗結(jié)果. It is too kind of you to repair the car for me.你為我修車真是太好了. He is too p1eased to receive the pretty gift.收到這件漂亮的禮物,他真是太高興了. 2.成因研究 在以上例句中,表示心情或描繪性的形容詞和to引導的不定式結(jié)合成一個表示不可分割的狀態(tài),態(tài)度,心境或傾向,并且具有明顯的動詞意義或感情色彩.因此,句中的不定式"to..."表示肯定(不表示結(jié)果)含義. 可見,在"too...to"結(jié)構(gòu)表示肯定的句型中,too的邏輯意義為…'extremely'(很,十分),強調(diào)其后的形容詞具有肯定意義;這與"too...to"結(jié)構(gòu)表示否定時,too的含義和作用完全相反. 三,as用法小結(jié) as一詞在SEFC新教材中多處出現(xiàn).它詞性多,詞義廣,用法靈活.現(xiàn)將其用法歸納如下. 一)as作副詞,表示程度,意為"同樣地".在"as...as...","not as...as..."結(jié)構(gòu)中的第一個as是副詞,作"和/與...(不)一樣"解.eg: Jack is as tall as his father.杰克和他的父親一樣高. He doesn't speak English as/so fluently as you.他的英語說得不如你流利. 二)as作介詞. 作"如,像"解.eg: They got united as one man.他們團結(jié)得像一個人一樣. She spoke of me as her dearest friend,她談起我猶如我是她最親密的朋友. 2.作"充當,作為"解.eg: As a writer,he was famous.作為作家,他是很有名的. English is spoken as the first language by most people in Australia.在澳大利亞,大多數(shù)人把英語作為第一語言. 三)as作連詞,常用來連接主句和狀語從句. 1.引導時間狀語從句,作"當...的時候"解,有"隨著..."之意,與while意義相近,強調(diào)兩個動作同時發(fā)生;或某事一發(fā)生,另一事立即發(fā)生.eg: He shouted aloud as her ran along.他一邊往前跑,一邊高聲地呼喊. I was startled as he opened the door.他一開門,我嚇了一跳. We get wiser as we get older.隨著年齡的增長,我們會變得更聰明. as作連詞,相當于when.eg; As a little boy (When he was a little boy)he began to learn to play piano.

他小時候就開始學彈鋼琴. As a child (When he was a child),he lived in the countryside.他小時候住在農(nóng)村. 2.引導原因狀語從句,作"因為,由于"解,與because的用法相近.eg; As it was getting very late,we soon turned back.因為很晚了,我們很快就回來了. I must stop writing now,as I have rather a lot of work to do.我必須停筆了,因為我還有許多工作要做. 3.引導方式狀語從句或比較狀語從句,作"正如,(如)像"解.例eg: As in your country,we grow wheat in the north and rice in the south.正如(像)你們國家一樣,我們在北方種小麥,在南方種大米.(方式狀語從句) When at Rome,do as Romans do.入鄉(xiāng)隨俗.(方式狀語從句) They always work as hard as we do.他們工作總是像我們一樣努力.(句中第二個as是連詞,引導比較狀語從句) 此外,在"as…as possible"結(jié)構(gòu)中第二個as也起連詞的作用.eg: Read the story as quickly as possible.(=Read the story as quickly as you can.)盡快地閱讀這個故事. They watered the trees as often as possible.(=They watered the trees as often as they could.)他們盡可能經(jīng)常給樹澆水. 4.引導讓步狀語從句,作"雖然,盡管"解.這時從句常用倒裝語序,即把從句中的表語,狀語或動詞原形放在as之前.eg; Strange as it may seem,it is true.盡管這事看上去很奇怪,但卻是真的. Try as he might,Tom could not get out of the difficulties.不管怎樣努力,湯姆還是擺脫不了困境. Child as she is,she knows a lot.她雖然年幼,但卻懂得很多東西.(注意;child前不帶不定冠詞a) 四)as作關(guān)系代詞. 1.引導限制性定語從句,用在"such...as","the same...as","as...as"等結(jié)構(gòu)中,常譯作"像...一樣的人(或物)","凡是...的人(或物)".例eg: He wished to be such a man as Lei Feng was.他曾希望做一個像雷鋒那樣的人. My hometown is no longer the same as it was.我的家鄉(xiāng)再也不像過去一樣了. As many people as are present will be given a present.所有在場的人都將得到一份禮物. 2.引導非限制性定語從句,用來指代它前面的整個句子(即先行句),意思是"這一點".這個分句可以位于句首,句中或句末.eg: As is well known,oceans cover more than 70% of the earth.我們知道,海洋占地球面積的百分之七十以上. This elephant is like a snake,as anybody can see.誰都看得出來,這頭大象就像一條蛇. 五)含as的固定詞組的用法 1.as soon as作"一…就"解,引導時間狀語從句.eg: As soon as I get to Beijing,I'll write to you.我一到北京,就給你寫信. 2.as/so long as作"只要"解,eg; As/So long as you study hard,you'll make progress.只要你努力,你就會取得進步. 3.as if/though常用來引導方式狀語從句,作"好像,仿佛"解.如果從句中講的是非真實情況,則用虛擬語氣.eg: She loves the child as if/though he were her own.她愛這個孩子如同愛自己的孩子. They talked as if/though they had been there,他們談起話來就好像他們真的到過那里似的. As if/though也可用來引導表語從句,常用在"It appears/looks/seems...+as if/though"句型結(jié)構(gòu)中.eg; It appears as if/though it is going to clear up.看起來天要晴了. It seems as if/though he knew nothing about it.他好像對此事一無所知. 4.as to作"關(guān)于,至于"解.eg; There is no doubt as to his honesty.他的誠實是無可置疑的. 5.as much/many as作"多達...","達到...之多"解.eg: The number of people who lost homes reached as many as 250000.無家可歸的人數(shù) 達25萬之多. He can earn as much as 5000 dollars a month.他每月能掙5000美元. 6.so/as far as I know作"就我所知"解,在句中作插入語.eg: As/So far as I know,he will come here next Monday.據(jù)我所知,他將于下星期一到這里來. 7.as a result,as a result of表示"由于...的結(jié)果".eg: We follow up the suggestions,and have had satisfying experiences as aresult.由于我們按照建議辦事,因此一直得到滿意的結(jié)果. She died as a direct result of the accident.她的死是那次事故的直接結(jié)果. 8,as well為"也,還"之意.eg: Come early,and bring your brother as well.早點來,把你的弟弟也帶來. as well as也可以作"和,同"解.當其連接兩個并列主語時,謂語動詞應(yīng)與前面的主語在數(shù)上保持一致.eg: My parents as well as my elder sister enjoy music. 比較:My elder sister as well as my parents enjoys music.我父母親和我姐姐都喜歡音樂. 9.so as to,so...as to若跟動詞原形,表示目的或結(jié)果.eg: He studied hard so as to pass the exam.他努力學習以便通過考試.(表示目的) He was

so strong as to carry the heavy box.他很強壯,能搬動這個沉重的箱子.(表示結(jié)果) 四,keep,1eave,find,feel和make 在S V O C中的用法 SVOC是一種基本句型.其中S-Subjeet,V-Verb,O-Object,C-Complement. 賓語補語可以是形容詞(Adjective),名詞(Noun),現(xiàn)在分詞(Present participle),過去分詞(Past participle),介詞短語(Prepositional phrase)和副詞(Adverb),也可以是動詞不定式(Infinitive),或是從句(Clause).SVOC結(jié)構(gòu)在SEFC中運用很廣泛,而且動詞make, keep,leave,find和feel在新教材中出現(xiàn)頻率很高,也是學習中的難點.下面分別談?wù)勥@些詞在SVOC中的用法. Keep keep在SVOC中的釋義是"使某人或某事保持在某一狀態(tài)". 1.keep+O+Prepositional phrase I'll keep the box in the shade so that the sun doesn't burn the little plants.我會把這個盒子一直放在陰涼地方,這樣太陽就不會把幼苗曬枯. 2.keep+O+Past participle We'll keep you informed of the flood in the Chang jiang River.我們將隨時讓你知道長江水災的情況. 3.keep+O+Adjective Please keep the room clean all the time.請始終保持房間清潔. 4.keep+O+Present participle Mother kept me studying during the summer holiday;for I failed my maths exam. 母親讓我暑假一直學習,因為我數(shù)學考試不及格. 5.keep+O+Adverb You must keep this medicine away from the child.這藥要放在兒童夠不到的地方. Leave leave在SVOC中的釋義是"讓某人或某事處于某種狀態(tài)". 1.1eave+O+Clause Leave her where she is.讓她留在原地. Don't touch my writing table;leave it as it is.別碰我的寫字臺,就讓它照原樣放著. 2.1eave+O+Past participle Before the final exam,he left nothing undone.在期末考試前,他已做好了一切準備. 3.1eave+O+Adjective Fear left her lips stiff.恐懼使她張口結(jié)舌. 4.1eave+O+Present participle Don't leave water running to clean vegetables.洗菜時不要開著水龍頭讓水直淌. 5.1eave+O+Infinitive Leave the fnture to take care of itself.讓未來自然發(fā)展吧. 6.Leave+O+Adverb Someone has left the bathroom tap no.有人忘了關(guān)浴室的水龍頭. Find find在SVOC中的釋義是"發(fā)現(xiàn),覺得"或者"發(fā)現(xiàn)...處于某種狀態(tài)". 1.find+O+Adjective ...but I find idioms and useful expressions hard to learn.但是我覺得習慣用語和有用的詞語很難學. 2.find+O+Noun I find him a very clever man.我發(fā)現(xiàn)他是一個很聰明的人. 3.find+O+Present participle Dusk found him crying in the street.黃昏時,他在街頭叫喊. 4.find+O+Past participle He found his hometown greatly changed.他發(fā)現(xiàn)他的家鄉(xiāng)發(fā)生了巨大的變化. 5.find+O+Prepositional phrase They found him already in the care of a doctor.他們發(fā)現(xiàn)已經(jīng)有一位大夫在照顧他了. 6.find+O+Adverb He hurried there,but found them all out.他趕到那里,但發(fā)現(xiàn)大家都出去了. find在SVOC中的賓語如果是動詞不定式或者是動名詞,就必須用先行詞it表示,然后將真正的賓語置于補語之后. 7.find+it+adj.+doing sth. We found it useless trying to persuade him to go with us.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)勸他和我們一起去是沒用的. 8.find+it+adj.+to do sth. She found it hard to keep a diary in English.她發(fā)現(xiàn)用英語每天寫日記很難. Feel feel在SVOC中的釋義是"感到,認為",如果其賓語是動詞不定式,也必須用先行詞it表示,然后將真正的賓語置于補語之后. 1.feel+it+Noun+Infinitive They feel it their duty to keep the classroom clean.他們認為保持教室干凈是他們的職責. 2.feel+O+Past participle He felt himself forced to take the action.他感到自己是被迫采取這個行動. 3.feel+O+Bare infinitive (不帶to的動詞不定式) While I was cooking something in the kitchen I felt the floor move.我在廚房煮飯的時候,感到地板在動. 4.feel+O+Present participle I felt my heart beating faster when I entered the lonely house.當我走進這幢孤零零 的房子時,我感到我的心跳加快. 5.feel+O+Adjective We feel the idea quite impractical.我們覺得這個想法很不實際. 6.feel+O+Noun Mike felt himself a person of importance.邁克覺得自己是一個重要人物. Make Make在SVOC中的釋義是"使得某人或某物怎么樣". 1.make+O+Adjective We must make the buying of tickets easier for our passengers.我們一

定要讓旅客們更容易買到機票. 2.make+O+Noun All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.只用功不玩耍,弄得孩子會變傻. 3.make+O+Bare innnitive Man must make the earth support more people.人類必須使地球養(yǎng)活更多的人. 4.make+O(oneself)+Past participle If Dr.Baker is in the hall,will he please make himself known to me 如果貝克博士在場的話,請自我介紹一下好嗎 Exercise: Fill in the blanks with feel, find, make, leave, keep using the proper for高中英語語法知識重難點m. 1. It's dangerous for you the horse running too fast. 2. He it an honor to be invited to the party. 3. The death of the president __ the country sad. 4. His English is so poor that he can't __ himself understood. 5. At the time of the earthquake, you __ the ground shaking or moving. 6. You'd better all the windows open. 7. If the government _ _ the factory polluting the river, there would be no fish here. 8. He returned home __ his father lying sick in bed. 9. They _ _ him the right man for the job. 10. The weather us indoors that day. 五,英語中"許多"概念的表述 英語中"許多"概念的表達方法很多,用起來較靈活.本文對其用法分類淺析如下. 一,修飾可數(shù)名詞.表示"許多"的詞和詞組有:many,a great/good many,a great/large/small number of,scores of,dozens of.eg: There are many people in the park.公園里有許多人. I'm quite busy;I have a great many things to do.我非常忙,我有很多事情要做. A number of my friends think I should take a holiday.我的許多朋友都認為我應(yīng)該休假. There were a large number of patients outside waiting to see the doctors.外面有很多 人等著看病. Up to now only a small number of schools have been built in this area.到目前為止,這個地區(qū)僅僅建了少數(shù)幾個學校. She bought dozens of eggs yesterday morning.她昨天上午買了許多雞蛋. I have heard that scores of times.那件事我已聽過很多遍了. 注意:1.many用作代詞,表示"許多人,許多"的意思. Many of them have left for the countryside.他們中有許多人到農(nóng)村去了. 2.Many a/an也表示"很多的,許多的"的意思,后接可數(shù)名詞單數(shù),謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式. Many a young man wants to speak English.許多年輕人想說英語. 3.a great/good many用作代詞,表示"很多東西/人"的意思. A great many of them are out of work.他們中的很多人失業(yè)了. 4.the number of...表示"...的數(shù)目"'謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式. The number of books missing from the school library is large.學校圖書館丟失書的數(shù)目很大. 二,修飾不可數(shù)名詞.表示"許多"的詞和詞組有:much,a great/good deal of,a large/small amount of. "Do you have much money with you ""No,I never carry much money with me.""你身上帶了很多錢嗎 ""不,我身上從來不多帶錢." There is a great deal of snow on the ground.地面上有很多雪. I have spent a good deal of time/money on stamp collecting.我在集郵上花費了很多時間/錢. A million dollars is a large amount of money to me.100萬美元對我來說是一筆巨款. There is only a small amount of food.只有一點食物. 注意:1.much用作代詞,表示"許多,大量"的意思. I couldn't write much into day's exam.在今天的考試中我沒答出多少. 2.a great/good deal用作代詞,表示"很多,大量"的意思. He ate a great deal.他吃了很多. 3.a great/good deal用作副詞,作狀語,修飾形容詞,特別是形容詞比較級,意思是"非常,...得多";也可修飾動詞,意思是"很多". He ran a good deal faster than I.他跑得比我快得多. "Do you walk much ""Yes,a good deal.""你常步行嗎 ""是的,次數(shù)很多." We see each other a great deal.我們多次見面. 4.the amount of...作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式. The amount of money spent on the bridge was large.這座橋耗資巨大. 5.1arge amounts of...作主語時,謂語動詞要用復數(shù)形式. Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge.建這座橋花費了大量資金. (比較:A large amount of money was spent on the bridge.) 三,修飾可數(shù)名詞,也可修飾不可數(shù)名詞.表示"許多"的詞組有;a lot of,lots of,plenty of,a great/1arge/small quantity of,great/large quantities of. A lot of/Lots of people went swimming yesterday.昨天很多人去游泳. A lot of/Lots of work is to be done this week.本周將有許多工作要做. We have plenty of cakes.Take some more.我們有很多蛋糕,多吃些吧! Don't hurry.There is plenty of time.不用急,還有充足的時間. We need

a large quantity of 'food for the winter.我們需要大量的食物過冬. There are large quantities of tractors in the farm.農(nóng)場里有許多拖拉機. 注意:1.a lot用作名詞,表示"很多,多數(shù)"的意思. He knew a lot about it. 關(guān)于那件事他知道得很多. I have a lot/lots to do to day.我今天有很多工作/事要做. 2.a lot用作副詞,修飾形容詞和動詞,表示"非常,相當"的意思. He is feeling a lot better today.他今天感覺好多了. I have made a lot more mistakes than you have.我比你犯的錯誤多多了. I like him quite a lot.我非常喜歡他. She laughed a lot.她笑得很厲害. 3,plenty of只用于肯定句,在疑問句或否定句中一般用enough表示"足夠". Do you have enough time 你的時間夠用嗎 They don't have enough time.他們沒有足?

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