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考研英語語法精解 用途句子分類
按照用途句子的分類(Classification by Usage)
英語句子按照用途可分為陳述句、疑問句、祈使句和感嘆句。
一、陳述句(Declarative Sentence)
敘述一項(xiàng)事實(shí)的句子稱之為陳述句,可以是肯定句,也可以是否定句。
例句: The capital intended to broaden the export base and secure efficiency gains from international trade was channeled instead of uneconomic import substitution. (2000年第26題)
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,其中分詞短語intended to...and secure...international trade作后置定語修飾the capital,主干部分為the capital was channeled。channel作動(dòng)詞,意為“輸送,引導(dǎo)”。
譯文: 本來用于擴(kuò)大出口基地從而獲得國(guó)際貿(mào)易效益的資金卻用到了非經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)口貿(mào)易中去。
例句: Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice. (2005年第49題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主句為Creating a “European identity” is no easy task and demands a strategic choice,定語從句that respects the different...修飾European identity,另一定語從句which go to make up...修飾cultures and traditions。
譯文: 不同文化和傳統(tǒng)把歐洲大陸編織成一個(gè)整體,要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造出一種尊重這些不同文化和傳統(tǒng)的“歐洲特色”絕非易事,需要人們做出戰(zhàn)略性選擇。
二、疑問句(Interrogative Sentence)
用來提出疑問的句子稱為疑問句,包括一般疑問句、特殊疑問句、選擇疑問句、反義疑問句。
(一)一般疑問句(General Question)
可以用yes或no回答的疑問句稱為一般疑問句,句中的助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞置于主語前,形成倒裝語序。在有些情況下,如想表示猜測(cè)、驚訝、懷疑時(shí),可用正常語序。
例句: According to what you have just said, am I to understand the new post carries no responsibility with it at all? (1998年第29題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,the new post carries no responsibility...在句中作understand的賓語,同時(shí)what you have just said也作介詞短語according to的賓語。
譯文: 根據(jù)你所說,我是不是該理解為做這項(xiàng)新工作根本不需要任何責(zé)任感?
例句: Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn?t know for sure? (選自2005年Text 2)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主句為Do you remember all those years,when引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾all those years, but在定語從句中連接兩個(gè)并列賓語從句。
譯文: 你還記得科學(xué)家們爭(zhēng)論說吸煙會(huì)致人死亡,而那些懷疑者卻堅(jiān)信我們對(duì)此無法得出定論的那些年月嗎?
。ǘ┨厥庖蓡柧(Special Question)
用特殊疑問詞如who(m),whose,which,what,why,where,when,how就句中某一部分提出疑問的句子稱為特殊疑問句,語序?yàn)橐蓡栐~加一般疑問句。
例句: How much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields? (選自2007年Text 2)
分析: 該句是由and連接的并列句。
譯文: 有多少智力可以量化?我們從神經(jīng)學(xué)、遺傳學(xué)、計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)和其他領(lǐng)域中又能學(xué)到多少智力呢?
例句: If you know what the trouble is, why don?t you help them to rectify the situation? (1997年第30題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,what the trouble is作從句中謂語動(dòng)詞know的賓語。
譯文: 既然你知道問題所在,那為什么不幫助他們擺脫目前的困境呢?
如果疑問詞作主語或主語的修飾語時(shí),則用陳述語序。如:
例句: When discussing the issue of unemployment, whose argument is based on the fact?
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,前半部分的完整形式應(yīng)為when we are discussing...。
譯文: 如果討論失業(yè)問題,有誰的觀點(diǎn)是以事實(shí)為依據(jù)的呢?
。ㄈ┻x擇疑問句(Alternative Question)
提出兩種或兩種以上的情況讓對(duì)方選擇的疑問句稱為選擇疑問句,常用or連接兩個(gè)一般疑問句的形式構(gòu)成,后一問句常用省略式。
例句: Which do you prefer,rose or lilac(紫丁香)?
Did her father travel in France or in Italy last summer?
。ㄋ模┓戳x疑問句(Tag Question)
置于陳述句之后,對(duì)陳述句所敘述事實(shí)提出相反的疑問,這種疑問句稱為反義疑問句,形式如下:
、倏隙愂鼍+否定簡(jiǎn)略問句;②否定陳述句+肯定簡(jiǎn)略問句
例句: The local people were joyfully surprised to find the price of vegetable no longer fluctuated according to the weather,were not they? (1998年第38題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,the price of vegetable no longer fluctuated...作find的賓語。
譯文: 當(dāng)?shù)厝耸煮@喜地發(fā)現(xiàn)蔬菜價(jià)格不再隨天氣變化而波動(dòng),是嗎?
例句: He does not qualify as a teacher of English as his pronunciation is terrible, does he? (1996年第24題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中后一個(gè)as是連詞,引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句,前一個(gè)as是介詞,意為“作為……”,與qualify 一起構(gòu)成短語意為“有資格做……”。
譯文: 他因?yàn)榘l(fā)音太差而不夠資格當(dāng)英文教師,是嗎?
下面著重講解考試中常出現(xiàn)的或大家在學(xué)習(xí)中難以理解的幾種反義疑問句的構(gòu)成。
1. 陳述句的謂語為am時(shí),簡(jiǎn)略問句否定式用aren?t I,肯定式為am I。
例句: I?m very glad to know that my boss has generously agreed to write off my debt in return for certain services, aren?t I? (1998年第27題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。
譯文: 我很高興得知老板已慷慨地同意一筆勾銷我的債務(wù)來作為特殊服務(wù)的報(bào)酬,是嗎?
例句: I?m not a person who is willing to run the risk to leave his child alone at home, am I?
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,who引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾a person。
譯文: 我不是那種愿意冒險(xiǎn)把孩子單獨(dú)留在家里的人,是吧?
2. 陳述句部分有表示否定意義的詞,如hardly,scarcely,barely,rarely,nothing,never, seldom,little時(shí),簡(jiǎn)略問句用肯定形式。
例句: The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds on which to base his argument in favor of the new theory, can he?
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,which后的部分修飾grounds,全句相當(dāng)于The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds on which he bases his argument in favor of the new theory, 其中base sth. on grounds意為“使……具有證據(jù)”。
譯文: 那位教授幾乎找不到充分證據(jù)來支持其新理論的論點(diǎn),是吧?
例句: It never rains but it pours,does it? (選自2007年Text 4)
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,but前后并列兩個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞。
譯文: 不鳴則已,一鳴驚人,是吧?
3. 陳述句部分的主語為something,anything, nothing,everything等指物的不定代詞時(shí),簡(jiǎn)略問句主語用it。
例句: Everything that you did is just for my staying here, isn?t it?
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,定語從句that you did修飾everything。
譯文: 你所做的任何事情都只是想讓我留在這里,對(duì)嗎?
又如:Something has gone wrong with my watch, hasn't it?
4. 陳述句部分的主語為anyone, anybody, no one, nobody, everyone, everybody等指人的不定代詞時(shí),簡(jiǎn)略問句主語為they。
例句: Everybody loves a fat pay rise,don't they? (選自2005年Text 1)
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。
譯文: 每個(gè)人都喜歡大幅加薪,對(duì)吧?
例句: Nobody can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction,can they?
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,can?t help but do sth.意為“禁不住,不得不……”,which引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾the world,即take him into the world。
譯文: 沒有人不對(duì)科幻小說帶給我們的科幻世界著迷,是不?
5. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞dare,need作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí),簡(jiǎn)略問句用助動(dòng)詞do/did/does。
例句: Kids need a range of authentic role models—as opposed to members of their clique, pop stars and vaunted athletes, do they? (選自2007年P(guān)art B)
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,破折號(hào)后的內(nèi)容表示對(duì)前面內(nèi)容的解釋,as opposed to... 的完整形式應(yīng)是as they are opposed to...,they指代models,其中be opposed to sth.意為“與……對(duì)照/對(duì)比”。
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